ABSTRACT
This investigation was carried out to study the effects of Fast Neutron Irradiation (FNI) and Sodium Azide (SA) on three varieties of Sesame (Sesamum indicum) viz; Kenana – 4, Ex-Sudan and E-8. Three hundred seeds of each variety were exposed to (FNI) from Americium-Beryllium source with flux 1.5×104 n.cm-2s-1 given the does 0,4,8,12 and 16µSv. Three hundred seeds of each variety were also treated with sodium azide at five different concentrations, 0.00%, 0.02%, 0.04%, 0.06%, 0.08%. The irradiated, the chemically treated seeds and the control seeds were grown to maturity. The morphological and yield parameters, survival, flowering and oil content were taken. The result showed that 12µSv had significantly higher values (p<0.05) with respect to plant height, number of leaves, length of petiole and number of seeds. The survival percentage in Ex-Sudan and E-8 were higher at 0µSv (60 and 60%) respectively, while in Kenana-4 at 16 µSv with 53%. The 16µSv and 8 µSv have a consistent highest percentage oil content in all the three varieties. In terms of flowering percentage in Kenana-4, 8µSv and 12µSv have higher values (75 and 75%) than control. However in Ex-Sudan and E-8, 4µSv (78.1 and 46.8%) did better than the control. In the case of sodium azide the result showed that 0.02% had significantly higher values (p<0.05) with respect to plant height, number of leaves, length of petiole, leave surface area and weight of capsule. The survival percentage in Ex-Sudan, Kenana-4 and E-8 were higher at 0.02, 0.08 and 0.04% (80, 93 and 94%) respectively. Kenana-4 and E-8 were higher (37.7 and 28.6%) at 0.08% and Ex-Sudan (30%) at 0.00% with respect to oil content. Ex-Sudan and E-8 have higher values (75 and 53.1%) at 0.02% while Kenana-4 (78%) at 0.04% with respect flowering percentage. Thus Fast neutron and Sodium azide have potential of creating genetic variability in sesame, certain concentrations of sodium azide 0.02% through 0.04% sodium azide concentration and 12usv have the potentiality of inducing variability that could be used in the improvement of sesame.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Sesame is considered to be the oldest oilseed crop known to man. The crop has been domesticated well over 5000 years (Bisht, Mahajan, Loknathan and Agrawal, 1998). It belongs to the family Pedaliaceae and genus Sesamum. The genus consist of about 36 species out of which the commonly recognized is Sesamum indicum L. (Falusi, 2006). Sesamum indicum is very drought tolerant. It has been called a survivor crop because of its ability to grow where most plants fail.
The crop is believed to have originated from Africa where the greatest diversity of the genus sesame and its family Pedaliaceae is present (Falusi and Salako, 2003). Some of the local names of the crop in Nigeria are (“Ridi” Hausa) (“Ishwa” Tiv), (“Gorigo” Igbira), (“Eeku” Yoruba) and (“Doo”Jukun) (Falusi, Salako and Ishaq, 2001). Currently it is cultivated in the tropical and sub tropical region of Africa, South America, North America and Asia principally for its seeds which contains about 50-52 % oil, 17-19 % Protein and 16-18 % carbohydrate (Falusi and Salako, 2003).
It is an annual plant growing to 50 – 100cm (1.6 to 3.3 ft) tall, with opposite leaves 4 – 14cm (1.6 – 55 in) long with an entire margin: they are broad lanceolate, to 5cm (2in) broad at the base of the plant, narrowing to just 1 cm (0.4in) broad on the flowering stem. The flowers are yellow, tubular, 3 to 5cm (1.2 to 2.0m) long, with four lobed mouths. The flower may vary in colour with some being white, blue or purple. Sesame fruit is a capsule, normally pubescent, rectangular in section and typically grooved with a short triangular beak. The length of the fruit capsule varies from 2 to 8 cm. Its width varies between 0.5 to 2cm, and the number of loculi from 4 to 12. The fruit naturally splits opens (dehisces) to release the seed by splitting along the septa from top to bottom or by means of two apical pores, depending on the varietal cultivar. Sesame seeds are small, about 3to4mm long by 2mm wide and 1mm thick. The seeds are ovate, slightly flattened and somewhat thinner at the eye of the seed (helium) than the opposite end with the weight of the seed between 20 to 40 mg. Sesame is grown primarily for its oil- rich seeds.
The oil is used locally for cooking as well as for medicinal purposes such as the treatment of ulcers and burns. The stem and the oil extracts are equally used in making local soup. The products are locally processed and utilized in various forms. Principally among the products are “KATUN RIDI” and “KANUN RIDI”. After oil has been extracted from the seeds, the cake is made into “Kuli Kuli” which together with the leaves is used to prepare local soup known as “MIYAR TAUSHE”.
The uses of Sesame have triggered increasing demand for the crop. This has made it necessary to increase its production to meet up with its needs. However, several attempts have been made to increase supply through cultivation of different varieties and species; but the successes of such attempts were prejudice by challenges ranging from environmental factors, availability of manpower and inadequate farming techniques. It is against these shortcomings that attention is shifting towards improving genetic quality of the existing species through plant breeding and selection made possible by radiation-induced genetic variability.
Mutation refers to the change in DNA sequence, which may involve only few bases or the large scale chromosome abnormality. Induced mutations have recently become the subject of biotechnology and molecular investigation leading to description of the structure and function of related genes. Induced mutations are highly effective in enhancing natural genetic resources and have been used in developing beneficial variation for practical plant breeding purpose and novel crop cultivars (Lee and Lee, 2002). During the last seven decades, more than 2,252 mutant varieties have been officially released in the world (Maluszynski, Nichterlein, Zanten and Ahloowalia, 2000). Induced mutation have been used to improve major crop such as wheat, rice, sesame, barley, cotton, peanut and Cowpea , which are seed propagated ( Khan, 2009).
Ionizing radiation has been routinely used to generate genetic variability for breeding and genetic studies (Boureim, Diouf, Slime, Diop, Vandamme and Cagirgan, 2009). Food and Agricultural Organisation, (2009) reported that year 2008 marked the 80th anniversary of mutation induction in plants. The wide spread use of induced mutants in plant breeding programmes throughout the world has led to the official release of more than 2,700 plant mutant varieties (FAO, 2009). According to Falusi, Daudu and Jaime (2012), three varieties of Nigerian pepper (Capsicum annuum var. Accuminatum, C. annuum var. abbreviatum , and C. annuum var. grossum) were exposed to fast neutron irradiation. All the plants produced from the non-irradiated seeds which served as the control produced normal leaves. However, this was not the case among plants whose seeds were irradiated.
1.2 Justification of the Study
Nigeria has a great potential for sesame production for domestic and export market, but the yield of this valuable crop is relatively low and varies from one area to another due to lack of improved varieties and seed capsule shatter causing a loss of large amount of seed. Considering the importance of the crop it is anticipated that the variety grown by farmers can be developed. Artificial induction of mutation is of scientific and commercial interest as it is one of the methods used in improving the growth and yield of economic plants. It provides raw materials for the genetic improvement of economic crops (Adamu, Chung and Abubakar, 2004). Although Sesamum indicum has a wide range of genetic variability, there is still need to find certain highly desirable trait such as good retention and resistance of diseases (Ashri, 1998). With all these facts in view the present research is design to critically look at the effect of the physical and chemical mutagens on morphological and yield parameters of sesame.
1.3 Aim and Objectives
1.3.1 Aim
The main aim of this research is to study the effect of sodium azide (chemical mutagen) and fast neutron irradiation (physical mutagen) on morphological and yield parameters of sesame (Sesanum indicum).
1.3.2 Objectives
The objectives of this study are
1. To determine the effect of fast neutron irradiation (physical mutagen) and Sodium azide (chemical mutagen) on the morphological characteristics of sesame.
2. To determine the effect of fast neutron irradiation (physical mutagen) and Sodium azide (chemical mutagen) on the yield parameters of sesame.
This material content is developed to serve as a GUIDE for students to conduct academic research
STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF FAST NEUTRON IRRADIATION AND SODIUM AZIDE ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND YIELD PARAMETERS OF SESAME
Project 4Topics Support Team Are Always (24/7) Online To Help You With Your Project
Chat Us on WhatsApp » 09132600555
DO YOU NEED CLARIFICATION? CALL OUR HELP DESK:
09132600555 (Country Code: +234)
YOU CAN REACH OUR SUPPORT TEAM VIA MAIL: [email protected]
09132600555 (Country Code: +234)