STRATEGY FOR PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP (PPP) IN NIGERIAN PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE MAINTENANCE.

ABSTRACT

Infrastructure provides the foundation of every nation‟s economy and quality of life, thus investing in aging infrastructure therefore, is essential in supporting healthy and vibrant communities. Inadequate supply, very poor state of available infrastructure coupled with poor maintenance culture of the few existing ones lead to decay and deterioration. This has been adjudged the major hindrance to ease of doing business in Nigeria. Thus, this study was aimed at developing strategies for public private partnership (PPP) in Nigerian public infrastructure maintenance. The study utilised a mixed methods approach adopting questionnaires, interview and observation methods in collecting of data. Simple random sampling was used in the questionnaire survey among the construction professionals, while a purposive sampling technique was used for selecting the participants for the interview. With a response rate of 40.08%, the gathered data were analysed using percentile, mean item score (MIS), relative importance index (RII), regression analysis, and content analysis. The study found that building walls, painted surfaces, toilet facilities, electrical services and floor are the components of building requiring frequent maintenance. Also, public buildings are in bad state, and this condition was attributed to no maintenance culture, and poor budgetary provision for maintenance.  The  current  models  for  infrastructure  maintenance  are  „labour only method‟ and „direct labour methods‟. High life cycle cost, poor quality of maintenance work, weak/little competition in public services, Inefficient risks allocation, and Delay in infrastructure provision, maintenance and additional revenue; are the limitations of the current maintenance system used. The major effects of PPP maintenance model on infrastructure are: PPP Improves/ better Service Quality of maintenance work, PPP maintenance contract will help to prevent sudden breakdown of building component and equipment, PPP ensures More Efficient Allocation of Risk, the use of PPP model will help to Prevent building collapse. It was concluded that PPP has the potential to change the maintenance narrative of public infrastructures. It was recommended to engender the culture of maintenance and adequate budgetary provision for maintenance work.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0         INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background of the Study

Infrastructure provides the foundation of every nation‟s economy and quality of life (Bivens,   2014).      The   construction   industry   drives   and   propels   building   and infrastructure provisions and development. According to Eze et al., (2021), Roads, Rails tracks, bridges, recreational facilities commercial and residential buildings, among others; are infrastructures that were brought about by activities of the construction industry. Globally, successive government of nations makes efforts at increasing the number of building and other infrastructures (Lateef, 2010). Thus, a lot has been achieved in advancing building construction and housing provisions (Khan et al., 2014). Tan et al. (2012) averred that with increasing urbanisation and as pressure mounts on existing infrastructures, a number of them ages especially in large cities in capitals of nations.  As a result, investing in aging infrastructure is critical for maintaining healthy and thriving communities. This is because these infrastructures need to be maintained.

Nigeria ranks 124th  of 140 world economies for “Quality of overall infrastructure” (World Economic Forum, 2017). Also, „inadequate supply of infrastructure‟ has in both quantity and quality been cited as the major hindrance to ease of doing business in Nigeria (Rufus and Bufumoh, 2017).  Nigeria has a number of laudable infrastructural development projects that makes her seemingly an economic giant in Africa. These projects range from world class standard stadia, international airport facilities, universities, hospitals, schools and the refineries to mention a few. However, most of these public infrastructures have failed to meet up to their performance expectation over the years, they have ended up in most cases forgotten or abandoned over long periods leading to their poor performance (Bivens, 2014). This begs the question whether these projects were actually intended to perform sustainably as expected since their current state is far below as built standard and can no longer perform as required. It is critical to emphasize that putting facilities in place is not enough; they must also be properly maintained in order to achieve the goals for which they were created (Adenuga, 2012). It is also evident that the only method to maintain a housing stock at any given time is to properly maintain the existing stock (Adenuga et al., 2010a).

The  process  of  protecting  or  conserving  someone  or  something,  or  the  process  of keeping something in  excellent  working order,  is known as  maintenance.  Building maintenance  is  defined  as  the  process  of  preserving  or  maintaining  a  building’s economic value. Maintenance is defined as “the construction of all technical and associated administrative procedures intended to retain or restore an item to a state in which it can perform its required function” according to BS3811 (1984). Nigeria has one of the lowest maintenance cultures in the world, particularly in our big towns and cities, where the majority of public properties are located (Ojara, 2013). Poor maintenance culture has become a widely acknowledged concern in Nigeria, according to Eti et al. (2004), and has had a negative impact on the quality of public properties. Nigerians struggle to preserve their own property and regard public amenities as government property that belongs to no one (Adeleye, 2009). When looking at the relationship between economic development and infrastructure, it’s clear that regular upkeep is required (Umar et al., 2014).

According to Odediran (2012), a substantial portion of building tenants perform “servicing.” Odediran went further to describe servicing as periodic maintenance activities  and  stated  that  it  is  the  predominant  maintenance  practice  in  Nigeria. According to Zubairu (2010), most people do this without realizing it because it takes the form of cleaning, window washing, and routine painting and decorating. These servicing maintenance practices though popular, predominant and widely obtainable in Nigeria are inadequate to ensure optimum performance of infrastructure.

An appropriate procurement system selection for projects is a vital ingredient to a comprehensive client and user‟s (occupants) satisfaction and success of construction projects (Chua et al., 2014).

With  regards  to  maintenance  services,   regeneration,  and   property  development (Trimmer and Kidston, 2003) defined procurement as the activity of obtaining buildings and   properties   while   considering   variables   such   as   price,   time,   quality   and sustainability; in order to deliver best value. According to Masterman (2002), procurement  systems  could  be  categorised  as  integrated,  separated,  management oriented and discretionary method of procurement. In Malaysia, Chua et al. (2014) found that public universities‟ maintenance are popularly procured using outsourcing by specialist term contract, by tendered schedule term contract, by repair and maintenance contract and by measured term contract. The various methods of procuring maintenance work identified by (Adenuga and Dosumu, 2012) are, traditional contract, measured term contracting, package deals, construction partnering, and prime contracting. In Nigeria, Adenuga and Dosumu (2012) posited that the most common adopted procurement types for maintenance contracts are; direct labor, lump sum contracts, classic contracts, cost reimbursement contracts and measured duration contracts are some of the types of contracts available.

A new maintenance approach has emerged, as well as updated thoughts on maintenance organization. Using Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) is one of such techniques. The growth of expensive, complicated, and highly developed infrastructure, equipment, and machinery has prompted efforts to improve maintenance concepts in order to achieve improved product quality, longer system life, higher system effectiveness, and operational safety (Al-Najjar et al. 2001).  According to Usman and Egbewole (2011), a public-private  partnership  (PPP)  is  a  long-term  agreement  between  a  government agency and a business partner for the delivery of products or services, with both sides sharing the risks and profits of the delivery. PPP is a response to the ever-increasing demand for suitable infrastructure as a result of its link to economic growth (Usman and Egbewole, 2011). As a result, private firms have offered this solution in collaboration with the public sector or one of its branches, which provides a more integrated financial design, building, maintenance, and operational solution for managing public infrastructure projects.

In essence, a public-private partnership (PPP) is a form of collaboration between government and the private sector to fund, build, renovate, manage, operate, or maintain infrastructure or services. To supply the infrastructure or service, all PPPs require some sort of risk sharing between the public and private sectors. This thesis is therefore intended to appraise how the application of Public Private Partnership (PPP) models can ensure adequate maintenance of Public infrastructure in Nigeria.

1.2 Statement of the Research Problem

Infrastructure maintenance has been defined as the collection of all actions taken on a regular basis to maintain or restore a property to a usable state (Oladimeji, 1996). Because a large percentage of a nation’s wealth is obvious in the total worth of its infrastructure, Nigeria’s failing maintenance culture and its effect on buildings has become a big challenge for both the public and private sectors (Oyenekenwa, 2011). Various research studies have shown that the inadequate maintenance practices obtainable  in  our  nation  has  resulted  mainly  from  ignorance,  neglect  and  poor contractual agreements (Zubairu, 2010). Others are poor handling of project execution by private contractor  engaged  by the  government  and  poor management  to  ensure optimum building productivity in its designed capacity as the main challenge to the provision of adequate infrastructure (Zubairu, 2010). The poor maintenance states of public buildings and facilities have remained in appalling states till date. This is evident in the reports of (Ebekozien, 2021; Abiodun and Adeyemi, 2020; Adenuga, 2011). It is due to the bad state, poor handling and misuse of public and private building by users in Nigeria, that Ogungbile and Oke (2015) suggested a stricter action to forestall public assets and facilities from their sorry states.

The  majority of  building  infrastructure  in  Nigeria,  whether  owned  or  used  by the government, businesses, or individuals, is in poor condition, owing to a lack of maintenance culture and comparatively expensive maintenance costs (Usman et al., 2012). It is expected that the government provides adequate infrastructural maintenance

of essential facilities for the benefit of its populace via citizen‟s payment of taxes. In practice, these levies are insufficient to ensure that these services are given, resulting in a budget shortage for basic services and infrastructure development in both developed and developing countries (Dayo, 2019). The majority of Nigeria’s infrastructure is deteriorating   and   in   need   of   repair,   refurbishment,   or   renewal.   The   African Development Bank estimates the crippling infrastructure deficit on Nigeria‟s economic growth at N30tn (Oyedele, 2012). This condition has arisen in part as a result of little or no maintenance when there were small issues, as the government has the primary power to create, improve, and destroy.

The notion of PPP was born out of the government’s incapacity to satisfy its responsibilities to supply and maintain infrastructure, as well as the need to control private individuals’ contributions to infrastructure development. (Nigeria Infrastructure Advisory Facility, 2017). Studies have shown a lack in resources available to the government for maintaining of public infrastructure. These scarce resources range from the inadequacy of generated taxes to meet the performance need of infrastructure to the lack of expertise where needed to maintain certain facilities (Oyenekenwa, 2011). Furthermore, the current methods of procurement of maintenance work have failed. This  is  evident  in  the  reports  of  (Abiodun  &  Adeyemi,  2020;  Adenuga,  2011; Ebekozien,  2021).    Ebekozien  (2021)  reported  that  maintenance  issues  of  public hospital buildings is centred around improving human development, management efficiency, technical competence and professional skills, and cost-minimisation. Public hospitals and other buildings and infrastructures suffer from neglect and are in appalling conditions (Abiodun & Adeyemi, 2020; Adenuga, 2011). Ali et al. (2016) found out through literature review that public facilities are poorly maintained. This was blamed on procurement methods which are mainly conventional

In the UK, specifically in Scotland, Rizal (2017) found that PPPs provided better and more conducive buildings with better maintenance standards than the conventional procurement system and that PPP funded public facilities offers better value-for-money (VFM) than the conventionally-funded types. Hampton et al. (2012) found that PPP procured projects performs better in terms of time and cost, than the traditionally procured projects.

Another  reason  for  the  use  of  PPP  by  government  in  provision  of  adequate infrastructure is that the involvement of the private sector introduces a range of efficient management and maintenance servicing techniques to a sometimes overly bureaucratic or ineffective public sector which should increase value for money and overall quality of the infrastructure (Demirag et al., 2010).

Public private partnership (PPP) can be said to be a bridge in the gap of infrastructural maintenance in Nigeria and this research is to outline the strategies on how the collaboration of the public and private sector via PPP can bring about the successful maintenance of public infrastructures in Nigeria

1.3 Research Questions

1.   What is the current state of public building infrastructure in Nigeria?

2.   What is the current model for maintenance of infrastructure in Nigeria?

3.   What  are  the  limitations  to  the  current  model  for  maintenance  of  public infrastructure in Nigeria?

4.   What are the effects of Public Private Partnership (PPP) maintenance models on infrastructure in Nigeria?

5.  What are the strategies of adopting PPP in maintenance of Public infrastructure?

1.4 Aim and Objectives of the Study

The study aims at appraising the potentials of Public Private Partnership (PPP) as a tool in the maintenance of public infrastructure with the view to achieve effective building infrastructure. In order to achieve this aim, the specific objectives are to;

1.   Determine the current state of public building infrastructure in Nigeria.

2.   Assess the current model for infrastructure maintenance in Nigeria.

3.   Investigate  the  limitations  of  the  current  model  for  maintenance  of  public infrastructure in Nigeria.

4.   Investigate the effect of Public Private Partnership (PPP) maintenance model on infrastructure in Nigeria.

5.  Propose strategies of PPP in maintenance of Public infrastructure.

1.5 Justification of the Study

Maintenance of infrastructure is vital to economic stability of developing nations. Its shortfall in Nigeria has been described as economically detrimental (World Economic Forum,  2017).  Considering  the  effect  of  infrastructural  performance  on  national economy and the deplorable state of our infrastructure largely due to poor maintenance culture, this study will examine the current maintenance activities employed on public

infrastructure in Nigeria in a bid to establish the gap between what is obtainable on the backdrop of the present conditions of these infrastructure so as to propose strategies towards the adoption and use of PPP maintenance standards.

With this study, an  evaluation of the state of public infrastructure with regards to maintenance and its quality performance is to be carried out and the possibility of an improvement in its state by the adoption of the universally acceptable PPP model will be  examined.  These  are  to  be  done  solely  to  understand  the  peculiarities  of  the deficiency in public infrastructure maintenance and find ways to mitigate its negative effects on various other aspects of our economy.

Data generated from this study will help the various stakeholders to see the extent of decay in our infrastructure and make efforts to curb its excesses. Also, the study will be an eye opener for the various stake holders to see the need for the maintenance of infrastructure which they have abandoned so as to avert the imminent danger that is looming in the sector.

These findings will educate the government and policy makers, stakeholders in infrastructural development and the general public on the need for improvement in maintenance culture and whether through the adoption of PPP models, maintenance and quality of public infrastructure will be improved.

It will also serve as a resource base to other scholars and researchers interested in carrying out further research in this field.

Below is a list of other accruable potential benefits of PPP on maintenance of public infrastructure;

    Keeping assets in utmost working condition in order to minimize downtime and disruption to services.

        Keeping facilities in a state of good repair for the occupant‟s health and safety.

        Keeping assets from deteriorating in appearance and aesthetics.

        Keeping facilities so as to optimally achieve their full potential service life.

    Satisfying a legislated duty that is owed to owners, occupants and guests on the property.

    Preventing unnecessary damage to assets or facilitation that may result in their performance failure.

A lot of studies exist in extant literature on PPP procurement and maintenance. For instance, In Nigeria, Ebekozien (2021) carried out a comprehensive review of public hospital buildings maintenance in Nigeria. The Procurement methods for executing maintenance  work  and  factors  influencing  choice  of  methods  used  (Adenuga  & Dosumu, 2012). The challenges facing projects procured by public private partnership (PPP) (Olele, 2016). In Zambia, Challenges of implementing PPP for road projects (Chilala & Mulenga, 2017). In Malaysia, a comprehensive review of building maintenance issues, their effects and way forward (Ali et al., 2016). Building Maintenance Projects in Malaysia: Choosing a Procurement Method (Chua et al., 2014). Malaysians make cost-cutting decisions when it comes to building maintenance (Ali, 2009). A causal relationship exists between the building maintenance market and GDP in Hong Kong (Tan et al., 2012).

While these studies focused on either maintenance or PPP, none of them examined the role of PPP in bringing about sustainable public infrastructure maintenance.  It is based on this gap in literature that this study proposes strategies for PPP in Nigerian Public infrastructure maintenance.

1.6 Scope and Delimitation

This research work covers the appraisal of PPP in Nigerian public infrastructure maintenance in the Federal Capital Territory. The study looked at the quality of these buildings as it relates to the maintenance activities employed on them, the shortfalls in their maintenance and the possibility of bridging the gap with the introduction of the PPP venture while analyzing the benefits and advantages of PPP as well as any possible challenges it might pose. The work involved  various stake holders in  the building industry including PPP administrators, Architects, Engineers, Builders, Quantity surveyors, Facility managers, Contractors and building occupants.

1.7 Definition of Public Private Partnership (PPP)

Arrangements  between  governments  and  private  sector  firms  for  the  purpose  of providing public infrastructure, community facilities, and related services have been classified as a public-private partnership. Such partnerships are defined by the partners’ share of investment,  risk,  responsibility,  and  return  (British  Colombia Ministry for Municipal  Affairs,  1999).  A  public-private  partnership  is  also  characterized  as  a cooperative enterprise in which the risks associated with providing public services are shared between the public and private sectors (Usman and Egbewole, 2011).

Maintenance has been defined as “the construction of all technical and associated administrative operations intended to keep or restore an object to a state in which it can perform its specified function,” according to BS3811 (1984).

₦8,000.00 – DOWNLOAD FULL PROJECT DOWNLOAD FULL PROJECT Added to cart

---

---

---

---

Related Project Topics :