TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE i
APPROVAL PAGE ii
CERTIFICATION iii
DEDICATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
APPENDIX ix
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
Background of the Study 1
Statement of the Problem 5
Purpose of the Study 6
Significance of Study 6
Research Questions 8
Hypotheses 8
Scope of the Study 9
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 10
Conceptual Framework 10
· Technical Colleges in Nigeria 10
- Formwork and concrete form types 11
· Domestic roof Construction 39
Theoretical Framework 43
- Skill Development Theory 43
- Theory on Maintenance 44
- Need Assessment Theory 45
Related Empirical Studies 45
Summary of the Reviewed Literature 52
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 54
Design of the Study 54
Area of the Study 55
Population for the Study 54
Sample and Sampling Techniques 55
Instrument for Data Collection 55
Validation of the Instrument 55
Reliability of the Instrument 56
Method of Data Collection 56
Method for Data Analysis 56
CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA 57
Research Question One 57
Research Question Two 58
Research Question Three 59
Research Question Four 60
Hypothesis One 62
Hypothesis Two 64
Hypothesis Three 65
Hypothesis Four 67
Findings of the Study 69
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Re-Statement of the Problem of the Study 75
Summary of Procedure 75
Principal Findings 76
Conclusion 77
Implication of the Study 77
Limitation of the Study 78
Recommendations 79
Suggestion for Further Research 79
REFERENCES 81
APPENDICES
A: Population Distribution of the Respondents 85
B: Questionnaire 86
ABSTRACT
The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The study was aimed at determining the skill improvement needs of carpentry and joinery graduates in technical colleges in Kaduna state of Nigeria. Specifically, the study sought to find skill improvement need of carpentry and joinery graduates in framed construction, Formwork, stairs and roofing? Four research questions were developed to guide the study. Four hypotheses were formulated to test the research questions at 0.05 levels of significance. A population of 62 respondents was used which consisted of 47 carpentry and joinery teachers and 15 instructors in the six technical colleges in Kaduna State. There was no sample for the entire population was used. The instrument for the collection of data for the study was a structured questionnaire called “skill improvement needs of carpentry and joinery graduates in technical colleges (SINCJGTC) with 82 items. The questionnaire was face validated by three experts, two of them from the Department of Industrial Technical Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka and one from the Department of Education Technical, Kaduna Polytechnic. The data collected was analyzed using Cronbach’s alpha (α) method to establish the internal consistency of the questionnaire. The data were collected by the researcher with the aid of three research assistants. The data gathered from the respondents were analyzed using mean to answer the research questions while the four null hypotheses were tested at 0.05 levels of significance with the use of Statistical Package for Social sciences (SPSS) version 20. The findings of the study choose the right saw for the job. Make one complete cabinet at a time Mark the stock Select the stock with cutting list. Check the machine set-ups.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Technical colleges are the institutions where students are trained to acquire relevant knowledge and skills in different occupations for employment in the world of work (NBTE, 2007). According to Federal Ministry of Education (FME) (2004), Technical college is a segment of Technical and Vocational Education (TVE) designed to produce craftsmen at the secondary school level and master craftsmen at the advanced craft. The goals of technical colleges are to provide trained manpower in the applied science technology and business particularly at advanced craft and technician levels. That is to provide the technical knowledge, necessary and vocational skills give training, impart the skills necessary for agriculture, commercial and economic development, and import the necessary skills to individual who shall be self – reliant economically (Nwogo and Nwanoruo, 2011). Technical colleges are regarded as the principal vocational institutions in Nigeria (Okoro, 2006). The functions of Technical colleges are to practicalize training using newer methodologies of applying science, material, tools, devices equipment, machining and other resources to enable Carpentry and joinery expertto solve practical problems. This includes manipulation of materials or objects in form of work task such as; complex processes of dismantling and re assembling a Carpentry and joinery work.
Carpentry and joinery is one of the trades in technical colleges in Nigeria in which students acquire skills and basic knowledge needed for employment after graduation. Skills in carpentry and joinery are acquired in trade centers. Carpentry is a skilled trade in which the primary work performed is the cutting, shaping and installation of building materials during the construction of buildings, ships, timber bridges, concrete formwork.According to Mohammed 2011 Carpenters traditionally work with natural wood and did the rougher work such as framing, but today many other materials are also used and sometimes the finer trades of cabinetmaking and furniture building are considered carpentry. Carpenters normally frame post-and-beam buildings, Carpenters learn this trade through formal training or being employed through an apprenticeship training—normally 4 years—and qualify by successfully the training completing It is also common that the skill can be learnt by gaining work experience other than a formal formwork training program,
Formwork is built on site out of timber and plywood or moisture-resistant particleboard. It is easy to produce but time-consuming for larger structures, and the plywood facing has a relatively short lifespan. It is still used extensively where the labour costs are lower than the costs for procuring reusable formwork. It is also the most flexible type of formwork, so even where other systems are in use, complicated sections may use it. The two major advantages of formwork systems, compared to traditional timber formwork, are speed of construction (modular systems pin, clip, or screw together quickly) and lower life-cycle costs (barring major force, the frame is almost indestructible, while the covering if made of wood; may have to be replaced after a few – or a few dozen – uses, but if the covering is made with steel or aluminium the form can achieve up to two thousand uses depending on care and the applications).Permanent Insulated Formwork: This formwork is assembled on site, usually out of insulating concrete forms (ICF). The formwork stays in place after the concrete has cured, and may provide advantages in terms of speed, strength, superior thermal and acoustic insulation, space to run utilities within layers of the frame.
Frame Constructionconsist of stiles joined by two or more rails. Typical application of this are minor frames, paneling, table tops (when framed), screens, backs, doors and window frames. The point about this method of cabinet construction is that it overcomes the bad effects of shrinkage in timber and at the same time method of cabinet construction in groove or rebate, is entirely free to shrink or swell without affecting the framework. Strength is ensured by the framework, the grain of which runs in its length along both width and height, so giving rigidity in both directions. The following joints may be used depending on the purpose of the frame-mortise and tenon, mitre butt, dowel like in stairs.
A stair, or a stair step is one step in a flight of stairs. Ruggeril (2006) stated that in buildings, stairs is a term applied to a complete flight of steps between two floors. A stair flight is a run of stairs or steps between landings. Neeuferi (2000) stated that astaircase or stairway is one or more flights of stairs leading from one floor to another, and includes landings, newel posts, handrails, balustrades and additional parts. A stairwell is a compartment extending vertically through a building in which stairs are placed. A stair hall is the stairs, landings, hallways, or other portions of the public hall through which it is necessary to pass when going from the entrance floor to the other floors of a building. Box stairs are stairs built between walls, usually with no support except the wall strings. Stairs stringer calculation (2013) recorded that stairs may be in a straight run, leading from one floor to another without a turn or change in direction. Stairs may change direction, commonly by two straight flights connected at a 90 degree angle landing. Stairs may also return onto themselves with 180 degree angle landings at each end of straight flights forming a vertical stairway commonly used in buildings. Many variations of geometrical stairs may be formed of circular, elliptical and irregular constructions. Stairs may be a required component of egress from structures and buildings. Stairs are also provided for convenience to access floors, roofs, levels and walking surfaces not accessible by other means.
Domestic roof construction is the framing and roof covering which is found on most suburban detached houses in cold and temperate climates. Such roofs are mostly built with timber, take a number of different shapes,modern timber roofs are mostly framed with pairs of common rafters or prefabricated wooden trusses fastened together with truss connector plates. Timber framed and historic buildings may be framed with principal rafters or timber roof trusses. Roofs are also designated as warm or cold roof depending on how they are designed and built with regard to thermal building insulation and ventilation. The steepness or roof pitch of a sloped roof is determined primarily by the roof covering material and aesthetic design. Flat roofs actually slope up to approximately ten degrees to shed water. Flat roofs on houses are primarily found in arid regions.
Need can be described as something that is required not just because one would like to have it, but because it is useful or very important. It suffices that any technical skill that is very useful for teaching carpentry and joinery which teachers lack becomes a need to a teacher. This becomes necessary to update and improve the skills of carpentry and joinery teachers. Improvement in the view of Amusa (2009) is the process of making something better. Ado (2012) stated that if something or situation improves, that thing or situation becomes better. Inthe context of this study, improving carpentry and joinery teachers’ competencies becomes inevitable for the technological development in Nigeria.
Competence is the ability to do what is needed; it is a quality or state of being functionally adequate or having knowledge, skill or strength (as for a particular duty or respect). According to Abdullahi and Ogbuanya (2014) to be competent implies that an individual has acquired the knowledge, skills, attitude and judgment which he requires in order to perform successfully at a specified proficiency level in a given task. For the teacher of carpentry and joinery to be able to impart the knowledge of the different areas of carpentry and joinery students, he/she should be skilled, knowledgeable and competent. However, as a result of technological changes, it requires that the teacher competence be updated. According to Sowande (2002), updating of skills of teacher is a professional improvement which is retraining of teachers in relevant job skills to enhance their performance and the task.
Statement of the Problem
There have been several reforms on technical education both at secondary and tertiary level in Kaduna state as a means of increasing opportunities for industrialization and also to combat cases of unemployment in the State. Technical colleges have a major role to play in the production of competent personnel for carpentry and joinery industries and the society for self-reliance. It is expected that the graduates of technical colleges should have effective maintenance skills to repair carpentry and joinery equipment that will enable them perform in their discipline. This lack of competency is buttressed by Okorie (1993) stated that technical college graduates are not competent enough to take up the available job. Oranu (2001) also stated that technical college products are weak in the practice of their trades.
In addition, the standard of performance of Nigerian technical college graduates in general is at the moment very low thereby retarding the overall productivity of Nigerian economy (Okorie, 2001). Most of the technical colleges’graduates in the study area inn carpentry and joinery section are poorly trained. The teachers also lack the competency in some area. These weaknesses make carpentry and joinery graduates unfit to work in the carpentry and joinery industries. The incompetent technical teachers in technical colleges as a result of poor training received in their schools led to the emergence of half-baked technical college graduates, and this will adversely affect the laudable goals of technical education which is geared towards producing competent personnel that will be enterprising and self-reliant, which will improve the technological development of Nigeria.
Students graduating from technical colleges with low level of competency find it very difficult to adjust to changing technology in their field. Re-training of the graduate may be very expensive on the part of government and individuals. In order to train students properly in carpentry and joinery for effective participation in their chosen areas of work, the competency of teachers need to be improved to enable carpentry and joinery teachers to train for effective teaching and learning. It is against this backdrop therefore that the study is to determine the competency improvement needs of carpentry and joinery teachers in technical colleges in Kaduna state of Nigeria.
Purpose of the Study
The major purpose of the study is to determine the skill improvement needs of carpentry and joinery graduates in technical colleges in Kaduna State of Nigeria.
Specifically, the study will determine:
- Skill improvement needsof carpentry and joinery graduates in framed construction.
- Skill improvement needsof carpentry and joinery graduates in Formwork
- Skill improvement needsof carpentry and joinery graduates in stairs
- Skill improvement needsof carpentry and joinery graduates in roofing
Significance of the Study
The findings of this study will be of immense benefits to government, ministry of Education in Kaduna state, woodworkers, carpentry and joinery technology teachers, curriculum planners, carpentry and joinery students in technical education programmes and the society at large.
The findings of this study will be beneficial to government through the ministry of education in Kaduna state, whoseScience and Technical Education board is in charge of planning, evaluating and coordinating science and technical schools and oversees the teachers and students activities in the state. The findings of this study will be made available to the board which would serve as springboard to provide for maintenance exercise to the technical colleges in the practice standard in the workshop. As a result of sensitizing the workers with the skill of maintenance, they would provide enforcement committee that will monitor the adherence of the policies.
Woodworkers (carpenters, furniture makers, and wood machine operators) will make use of woodworking machines that will enable them to develop machine related maintenance skills. The maintenance practice skills to use general woodworking machines are provided for in the study, while using machine and equipment in the workshop poor maintenance will also address. These workers also make use ofqualified equipment and machine and they make use of electricity in which all relevant maintenance practice skills against their products are well catered for in the study.
Woodwork teachers are the custodians of knowledge who impart into their students the necessary theories and practical of woodworking skills. They will benefit from the study because the study pressed further to highlight other areas of maintenance skill practices which are not provided for in the syllabus most importantly in the area of wood equipment and machines maintenance practice skill needs. The teacher will use the identified maintenance practice skills to impart knowledge in students, it will help the teachers to ascertain the areas where emphasis should be placed on the issue of maintenance while teaching.
The curriculum planners will benefit from the findings of this study because it would highlight the maintenance practice skills needed at workshop by technician/attendant which has relevant and trickling down effect on students in technical education programmes in schools. Hence, could be incorporated into the carpentry and joinery curriculum which will be useful for effective training of students.
Woodwork students will benefit from the findings of this study when the identified maintenance practice skills are incorporated into their curriculum. The skills acquired by the students will create maintenance consciousness in them and they will be aware of the dangers involved in working without maintenance practices.
The society in general will benefit in this study when all these aforementioned beneficiaries, woodworkers (carpenters, furniture makers, cabinet makers andcarpentry and joinery machine operators),carpentry and joinery teachers andcarpentry and joinery students in technical education programmes, curriculum planners, government through ministry of education. The establishment of maintenance practice standards and its enforcement on woodworkers will drastically reduce the incessant accidents. Consequently, there will be a healthy environment, as these will reduce societal problems such as kidnapping, armed robbery and other societal vices prevalent in the society.
Research Question
The following research question is formulated to guide the study
- What are the skill improvement needs of carpentry and joinery graduates in framed construction?
- What are the skill improvement needs of carpentry and joinery graduates in Formwork?
- What are the skill improvement needs of carpentry and joinery graduates in stairs?
- What are the skill improvement needs of carpentry and joinery graduates in roofing?
Hypotheses
The following null hypotheses were formulated and were tested at 0.05 level of significance:
Ho1: There is no significant difference between the mean responses of carpentry and joinery teachers and carpentry and joiner instructors on the competency improvement needs of technical college graduate in framed construction.
Ho2: There is no significant difference between the mean responses of carpentry and joinery teachers and carpentry and joinery instructors on the competency improvement needsof technical college graduate in in Formwork.
Ho3: There is no significant difference between the mean responses of carpentry and joinery teachers and carpentry and joinery instructors on the competency improvement needsof technical college graduates in in stair construction.
Ho4: There is no significant difference between the mean responses of carpentry and joinery teachers and carpentry and joinery instructors on the competency improvement needsof technical college graduates in in roofing.
Scope of the Study
The study was delimited to all technical colleges in the three senatorial districts of Kaduna state, which include Kaduna South, Kaduna Central and Kaduna North. It was also delimited to competency improvement needs of carpentry and joinery teachers for effective maintenance of carpentry and joinery in technical colleges.
This material content is developed to serve as a GUIDE for students to conduct academic research
SKILL IMPROVEMENT NEEDS OF TECHNICAL COLLEGE GRADUATES IN CARPENTRY AND JOINERY IN TECHNICAL COLLEGES IN KADUNA STATE
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