PRODUCTION OF BIO ETHANOL FROM SELECTED AGRO WASTE USING SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE STRAIN CBS 1171 AND LACTOBACILLUS DELBRUECKII STRAIN

ABSTRACT

The  production  of  bioethanol  from  selected  agro  waste  (banana  and  cassava)  peels  was examined     using     Saccharomyces     cerevisiae     strain     CBS     1171and     Lactobacillus delbrueckii strain MN945906. The results of the proximate analysis shows that carbohydrate content were 67.85±0.23%, nitrogen (0.21%), potassium (64.7%), and phophorus (31.3%). The waste was hydrolyzed with Aspergillus niger strain MN945947 and Zymomonas mobilis strain MN945907 into 20g, 30g, and 40g, of the substrate for 7 days. The hydrolysed and filtered extracts were fermented with S. cerevisiae strain CBS 1171and L. delbrueckii strain MN945906 for 5 days. The fermented product was purified by distillation and ethanol collected at 78oC. When combination of S. cerevisiae, and L.delbrueckii was use for fermentation at 40g, banana+cassava recorded (21.94%), cassava peel (25.99%) and banana (10.32%).  When S. cerevisiae were used alone for fermentation cassava peel recorded (22.98%), banana (9.36%), and (21.08%) for banana+cassava peel. When L. delbrueckii was used alone for fermentation cassava peel recorded (10.61%), banana (8.24%) and banana+cassava peel (15.79%). However, when 30g of substrate were used, banana peel recorded 9.56%, cassava peel had 20.92% and banana+cassava peel recorded 20.86%. At 20g of substrate banana peel recorded 8.76%, cassava peel had 14.14% and banana+cassava peels yielded 13.21%. The average percentage weight and volume for banana+cassava was 13.83% (15.7g/cm3), cassava peel 12.26% (14.17g/cm3) and banana peel had 6.8% (18.24g/cm3).The result revealed that cassava +banana peels a better production of bioethanol using the combination of S. cerevisiae and L. delbruecki.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background to the Study

Renewable energy has become talk of the day worldwide because of concerns on declining supplies of fossil fuels, rising in population and industrialization actuates ever increasing demand of fuels. All over the world, governments have encouraged the use of another source of energy for looming energy crisis. The Federal Government of Nigeria has concluded plans to invest 400 Billion Naira (3.5 Billion US dollars) in Jigawa State for ethanol production programme in other to diversify its sources of revenue (Isah et al., 2019). The US President announced in his state of union speech, an agenda to develop alternative energies such as bioethanol fuel from grains and cellulose in order to terminate Americans dependence on oil (Isah et al., 2019). Bioethanol is the conversion of simple sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide (CO2) microbiologically (Oyeleke et al., 2012). These can be used as petrol substitute for motor vehicle. These process is carried out by anaerobic fermentation in accordance with Embden-meyerhoff pathway (EMP) catalysed by enzymes produced by bacteria and fungi.

The fermentation process is similar to the one used in alcoholic beverages. It involves the break down complex sugars into more simple sugars, producing ethanol by using yeast and heat (Oyeleke et al., 2009). The starchy materials are first hydrolysed to reducing sugars and the hydrolysate are subsequently fermented with the required fungi or bacteria to produce ethanol (Nwabanne and Aghadi 2018). So that at end of fermentation process, some part of the  sugar  is  assimilated  by the  organism  while  other  part  is  transformed  into  glycerol, acetaldehydes and lactic acid (Zhan et al., 2010).

Nigeria  is  the  highest  producer  of  cassava  in  the  world,  producing  higher  than  Brazil, Thailand and Indonesia (Izah and Ohimain 2015). Cassava and it’s by products are renewable source of energy that  pose no  threat  to  the environment  and  has  been  used  by several researchers in the production of bioethanol. The significant use of agricultural wastes to produce bioethanol is motivated by numerous reasons such as: global search for alternative source of energy and transportation fuel to replace the depleting fossil fuel (Virgínio et al., 2018). Ethanol is pollution free, biodegradable, renewable, cause no climate change. It has been estimated that 2.96 million metric tons of cassava peels is generated annually in Nigeria from processing cassava to various food products (Safarian et al., 2019). These enormous wastes that constitute 20 – 35% of the weight of cassava tuber are discarded with consequent implication of environmental pollution. In this regard it has become necessary to convert this waste to useful end products in other not to pose threat to the environment (Gani et al., 2018). Banana peels are not considered very useful and are therefore dried, ground, pelletized, and sold to the feed manufacturers at a low price. Although banana peel is a fruit residue, it accounts for about 30-40% of the total fruit weight and contains carbohydrates, proteins, and

fibre in significant amounts. Since banana peels contain lignin in low quantities, it could serve as a good substrate for production of value added products like ethanol (Chechet, 2016).

1.2 Statement of the Research Problem

The question of sustainable and judicious use of energy resources has become noticeable in the past few years. Most countries relied mainly on fossil fuels, there is the need for diversification into other source of energy because the future of petroleum products is uncertain  (Alemayehu,  2015).  The  Inappropriate  municipal  solid  waste  collection  and disposal creates a range of environmental problems in this country (Arabia and Wankhade, 2013).  A  considerable  amount  of  waste  ends  up  in  open  dumps  or  drainage  system, threatening both surface water and ground water quality and also causes flooding, which provides a breeding ground for diseases-carrying pests. However unless these waste are changed or converted into some useful products like bioethanol.

1.3 Justification for the Study

The production of commercial ethanol is costly, there is the need to use cheap agricultural wastes  to  produce  ethanol  so  as  to  maximize  profit  by  the  industrialist.  The  Nigerian economy relied mostly on revenue from fossil fuel which is non-renewable and hence gets depleted  on  daily basis.  Authoritatively,  about  2.3  –  2.5  million  barrels  of  crude  oil  is produced daily and geologists have cautioned that the Nigerian oil reserves may be totally depleted in 37 years unless alternative sources of fuel are introduced. Meanwhile the developed nations, which are the major consumers of Nigerian crude oil, are making serious efforts to find alternative sources of fuel. Lots of attention is focused on the use of the abundant and renewable waste resources to generate energy in form of bio-fuel (Oyeleke et al., 2012).The aim of this work is to investigate the possibility of using and transforming cassava and banana peel wastes to something valuable, namely ethanol using the fungus Saccharomyces cerevisiae as ethanol transforming organism with Lactobacillus delbrueckii there by contributing towards alternative energy supply as well as creating an employment opportunity.

1.4 Aim and Objective of Research

The aim of this study is to determine the production of ethanol from selected agro waste (cassava and banana peel) using Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain CBS1171and Lactobacillus delbrueckii strain MN945906.

The objectives were to:

I.      isolation and biochemical characteristics of the isolate from fresh palm wine, cow milk and soil.

II.       molecular characteristics of the isolate.

III.       screening for enzymatic activity on the isolates.

IV.      determine mineral analysis of cassava and banana peels.

V.      determine proximate analysis on  cassava and banana peels.

VI.      determine reducing sugar and pH test on cassava and banana peels.

VII.      determine the enzyme hydrolysis of banana peels and cassava peels using Aspergillus niger and Zymomonas mobilis.

VIII.      produce bioethanol from banana peels and cassava peels through fermentation usingSaccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus delbrueckii.

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