OIL SPILL CLEAN UP METHODS MERITS AND DEMERITS A CASE STUDY BAYELSA STATE NIGERIA

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgment

Abstract

Table of content

CHAPETR ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION 

1.1        Background of the study

1.2        Statement of problem

1.3        Research questions

1.4        Objective of the study

1.5        Significance of the study

1.6        Scope of the study

1.7       Definition of terms

CHAPETR TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 introduction

2.2 conceptual review

2.3 empirical review

CHAPETR THREE

3.0        Research methodology

3.1    sources of data collection

3.3        Population of the study

3.4        Sampling and sampling distribution

3.5        Validation of research instrument

3.6        Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 Introductions

4.2 Data analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Summary

5.3 Conclusion

5.4 Recommendation

Appendix

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Abstract

Due to crude oil exploration, historical trend of oil spill occurrences in Bayelsa state of Nigeria gives an insight into the status quo of Nigeria’s management and response to oil spill. Bayelsa in the Niger Delta of Nigeria was used as the case study in need of remediation as it suffers from a history of varying degrees of degradation due to oil spill. In this study, a comprehensive systematic and critical review was employed to determine the most effective method of remediating polluted Bayelsa state, Nigeria. Despite this strive, there have been continuous reports of oil spill particularly in the Nigerian coast of Niger delta. Since export of oil is crucial to Nigerian economy, the exploitation and exploration will have to continue to the detriment of the environment. Consequently, by sustainable development, the sharp effect of this could be abetted. This include adequate regulations to act as preventive measures, critical examination of existing and new projects on how they would affect the environment and program of response to possible accidents. These are the issues discussed in this dissertation with particular attention to Nigerian coast of Niger Delta.

 

CHAPTER ONE

                                                INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

One major activity that must be looked into changing is crude oil exploration, most especially oil spillage. Crude oil exploration has had an enormous impact in our society both negatively and positively; oil spills being the negative impact. Advances in technology have lead to an increase in petroleum consumption and, as a result, huge amounts of hydrocarbons are been released into the environment deliberately or accidentally (Ukaoma, 2015). Oil spill is a form of pollution which occurs when petroleum leaks or is released into the environment. Marine oil pollution is due to shipping activities and offshore oil productions. Although there have been a significant decrease in oil transportation with tankers due to the use of pipelines for petroleum products, dumping of about 600,000 to 1,750,000 tonnes of oil by tankers and accidents did occur in the past during shipping activities (Brubaker, 1993; Gennaro, 2004; Anyanova, 2012). Asides this fact, in Nigeria, a major cause of oil spillage is due to sabotage (performed through the process known as “bunkering”) whereby the saboteur attempts to crack a pipeline in order to extract oil and sell resulting in pipeline damage and oil spill (Gerhart, 1999). Sabotage and theft through oil siphoning has become a major issue in Nigeria and is growing into a business venture, with stolen oil entering the black market (Anderson, 2005). Devastating oil spills in the Niger delta over the past five decades will cost $1bn to rectify and take up to 30 years to clean up, according to a UN report. The UN Environment Programme (Unep) has announced that Shell and other oil firms systematically contaminated a 1,000 sq km (386 sq mile) area of Bayelsa and Ogoni land, in the Niger delta, with disastrous consequences for human health and wildlife.

Nigerians had “paid a high price” for the economic growth brought by the oil industry, said Unep’s executive director. A leaked summary of Unep’s Bayelsa and Ogoni land study, the first large-scale scientific study of pollution in the area, has been seen by the Guardian. It calls for a clean-up fund of $1bn (£614m) for spills in Bayelsa, and says it will take 25-30 years to restore the environment. Much of the funding for the clean-up is expected to come from the oil companies. Against this massive wealth generation, it has been estimated that the equivalent to the Exxon Valdez oil spill, a spill large enough to entirely change international practices relating to oil spill prevention and response – is spilled in the Niger Delta every year. Where the Bayelsa remains the poorest region in Nigeria, with over 70% of indigenes dependent on the natural environment for their livelihood, environmental degradation due to oil spillage has increased joblessness, extreme health problems and poverty. Response to oil spills has been marked by corruption, lack of effective communication, power struggles, and an almost total failure to adequately remedy oil spills by cleaning and restoring the environment and compensating those harmed. Decades of this failed response have bred resentment and distrust among oil affected communities, increasing militancy and black market oil trade as a last resort path to wealth-sharing and further complicating the possibility of a successful remediation and long-term peace. Oil companies, on the other hand, report that they struggle with sabotage and theft of oil, difficulties accessing spill sites, and complicated community dynamics that contribute to spills and confuse and undermine remediation efforts.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Since the discovery of oil in 1956, Nigeria has put in place a number of government bodies, laws, and regulations to govern the extractive industry and its impacts, including preventing and addressing oil spills. There are dozens of laws, regulations, and policies pertaining directly to the extractive industry. The most pertinent to oil spill are the Oil Pipelines Act (OPA), the Petroleum Act, National Oil Spills Detection and Response Act, and the National Oil Spill Contingency Plan (NOSCP). These laws and policies are understood with reference to legislation such as the Land Use Act and supplemented by the common law. Nigeria is party to several international instruments on oil spill compensation (that deal with offshore spills from tankers); however, to date, none have been domesticated. Which necessitate the need for this study, as the study seek to examine the merits and demerits of oil spill clean-up method in Bayelsa state.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

This study has one main objective which is sub-divided into general objective and specific objective; the general objective is to examine oil spill clean-up methods merits and demerits in Bayelsa state, the specific objectives are:

1. i) To examine the effect of oil spillage on the economic development of Bayelsa state
2. ii) To ascertain the merit and demerit of oil spill clean-up method in Bayelsa state

iii) To examine if there is any relationship between clean up method and economic development of Bayelsa state.

1. iv) To proffer suggested solution to the identified problem

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research questions were formulated by the researcher to aid the completion of the study

1. i) Is there any effect of oil spillage on the economic development of Bayelsa state?
2. ii) Is there any merit and demerit of oil spill clean-up method in Bayelsa state?

iii) Is there any relationship between clean up method and economic development of Bayelsa state?

1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

The following research hypotheses were formulated by the researcher to aid the completion of the study

H₀: There is no significant relationship between clean up method and economic development of Bayelsa state

H₁: There is a significant relationship between clean up method and economic development of Bayelsa state

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It is believed that at the completion of the study, the findings will be of great importance to the body saddle with the responsibility of supervising the cleanup process as the study will help them pick which method will be more appropriate and beneficial to the citizens and occupant of the state. The study will also be useful to the Bayelsa state government as the findings of the study will help them in putting laws in place that will mandate the oil companies to effectively implement their corporate social responsibility. The study will also be of importance to researchers who intend to embark on a study in a similar topic as the study will serve as a reference point to further study. The study will also be of great importance to students, teachers, lecturer’s academia’s and the general public as the study will contribute to the pool of existing literature on the subject matter and also contribute to knowledge

1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study covers oil spill cleanup methods; merit and demerit with emphasis on Bayelsa state. But in the course of the study, there are some factors that limited the scope of the study;

AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study

TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher have to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.

FINANCE: The finance available for the research work does not allow for wider coverage as resources are very limited as the researcher has other academic bills to cover

1.8 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Crude oil

Crude oil is a mixture of comparatively volatile liquid hydrocarbons (compounds composed mainly of hydrogen and carbon), though it also contains some nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen

Oil spill

An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment, especially the marine ecosystem, due to human activity, and is a form of pollution

Cleanup method

There are various method of oil clean up. The use of oil booms is a very simple and popular method of controlling oil spills. Equipment called containment booms acts like a fence to prevent the oil from further spreading or floating away. Booms float on the water surface and have three parts

Merit

The quality of being good and deserving praise

Demerit

A mark or record that shows someone has done something wrong

Economic growth

Economic growth is the increase in the inflation-adjusted market value of the goods and services produced by an economy over time. It is conventionally measured as the percent rate of increase in real gross domestic product, or real GDP.

 

1.9 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows

Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), statement of problem, objectives of the study, research question, significance or the study, research methodology, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlight the theoretical framework on which the study its based, thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding.  Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study.

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