MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES IN KADUNA NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

Urban centers in developing countries are still battling with waste management problems owing to insufficient collection and improper disposal of waste. In Kaduna North Local Government area, various techniques are still employed in waste management, such as the burning, burying, open dumping and others, but an empirical understanding is needed for the prominent ones. The objectives of the study are to :- examine the characteristics and volume of waste, characteristics of waste management techniques, capacities of waste management agencies, and examine the challenges of management techniques in the study area. For administration of questionnaires 327 respondents using random sampling techniques. Data collected were analyzed using percentages, histogram, pie charts. The major results are that less than 8% of the respondents were below the age of twenty, while 92%were between 20-40 years of age and were able to provide necessary information on behalf of the family. Another finding was that 13% were farmers, and 87% were either business people or civil servants. Solid waste generated in the study area 72% of organic waste papers and plastics 23%, 3% metals, 1% others. Another finding is that solid waste management techniques in the study area includes burning at 21.71%, burying at 15.90%, open dumping and secondary dumping locations has 61.77% and others at 0.61%. In terms of management capacities 134% of solid waste were managed by private, individuals and companies while196% is managed by the State and the local authority. This explains reasons why government could not cope with the growing of waste streams. About 53.8% were not satisfied with the management techniques and 46.2%were of the opinion that the government is trying. Management and disposal of waste is commonly done in the study area by dumping on any relative available space or uncompleted buildings, local incinerators, burning, dumping on designated bins by the major road sides and important streets in the study area. The bulk by percentage of the solid waste generated are biodegradables, papers, plastic and other organic waste such garbage. The Local government should in an effort find a way of converting the organic waste to re-useablemanure or materials in farms and gardens by mere adoption of the local technology abound in the study area.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Generally wastes are substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provision of national law (Akos, 2009). Waste are materials that are not prime products produced for the markets for which their initial use has no further use in terms of purpose production, transformation or consumption but ready for disposal (Adedibu, 1983). Waste are generated during extraction, processing of materials into final products and other human activities which can later be recycled ,reused or reduced at the point of generation or elsewhere (Aniko, 2009). Okecha,(2000) defined waste as matter discarded as worthless, defective or of no further value and is most often derived from places of human or animal habitation, or through a manufacturing process. It is an acknowledged undesirable by product of human settlements and economic, industrial and social development, which has traditionally been collected as domestic or industrial wastes for incineration or disposal in land, water or air (Babatunde, 2009). Waste was an early problem of mankind and a growing one that is of major concern to every caring nation. Waste disposed on the ground turns to compost in order to improve soil fertility.Solid waste management(SWM)is now a major environmental issue that can be likened “to monster” staring the authorities on the face.Solid waste can be classified on the basis of their sources, environmental risks factors, utility and physical properties, it could be municipal waste or agricultural waste. Kaduna north is no exception as it also grapples with heap of waste waiting for evacuation in most streets,Okecha, 2000,Solid waste could be non-liquid or non-gaseous and consist of organic (biodegradables) and non- organic (non biodegradables) such as metals, plastics, bottles, and broken glasses. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) are generally waste from household, businesses and institutions, demolition and industrial waste. Agricultural waste are always from the agriculture sector. It has been found out that in most Nigerian cities and villages, chickens, goats, sheep, pigs, and other non-pet domesticated animals are usually sighted in high populated and commercial areas.With rising urbanization and change in lifestyles and food, the amount of solid waste generated has been increasing rapidly and composition also changing. Industrialization, human activities and economic level of different sectors are relative to the type of waste generated.(Adeyemi, 2001).The composition of municipal solid waste may be broadly categorized into recyclables, inert waste, composite waste, domestic and hazardous waste and householdwaste produced from daily consumption.

Recognizing its importance, a number of developing countries have requested collaboration of external supporting agencies, both bilateral and multilateral, at improvingsolid ‘waste management in their cities. Although some projects have succeeded in providing lasting positive impacts on the management of solid wastes in some of these developing countries and cities, many failed to continue activities after external supporting agencies ceased their support. This unsustainability of collaborative projects is due to various technical, financial, institutional, economic, and social constraints faced by both the recipient countries/cities and external support agencies (Agbede and Ajagbe 2004). Municipal solid waste are generally sourced from households, commercial outlets, industrial and manufacturing activities. Other wastes are made up of residual wastes andbulky wastes resulting from biodegradable households, (Doan, 1998). Secondary materials from separate collection such as papers, glass, hazardous waste, street sweepings and litter collections, cardboard, metals, textiles materials, organics (food and garden wastes) wood, where the largest fraction consisting of paper and cardboard at 35% of the waste stream, where printing production prevails ,organic wastes at 25% municipal waste represents approximately 14% of all waste generated (Ali, 2008). Wastemanagement strategies includes landfilling, burning, composting of biodegradables as full recyclables for further use, re-use and reducethe quantity to manageable level and burying. Others are incineration (increasing with recovery of energy for further use. (Bolaane,2004), This unsustainability of collaborative projects is due to various technical, financial, institutional, economic, and social constraints faced by both the recipient countries/cities and external support agencies (Agbede and Ajagbe, 2004).Geoffrey, (2005) These constrains can be categorized as technical, financial, institutional, economic, and social and are discussed, in relation to the sustainability of solid waste collaborative projects. Most developing and least developed nations are currently and recently on the increase of municipal solid waste generation which is about 0.5- 0.9% per capita/per head/kg. Similarly Blight and Mbande, (1996) observed that high density, large amount of organic content, small sized particles and large amount of dust and dirt characterizes waste generated in developing countries. Municipal centre produces great variety of solid waste often a mix of potentially useable and recyclable and may consequently be put to re-use, and largely non-recyclable materials wastes such as the plastics, leather and rubber, though may be re-use when recycle, but requires a certain level of technological process. Urbanization is on the rise in Africa, and this trend of 3.5% annual growth might increase in future. Of concern is the inability of infrastructure and land use planning methods (including for waste management) to cope with this urban growth, this is particularly urgent in slum which constitute a big part of many of the cities and towns in Africa.

A typical solid waste management system in a developing country displays an array of problems including low collection coverage and irregular collection services, crude dumping and burning without air and water pollution control, the breeding of flies and vermin, and the handling and control of informal waste picking or scavenging activities. These public health, environmental, and management problems are caused by various factors which constrain the development of effective solid waste management systems (Geoffrey, 2005). These constrains can be categorized as technical, financial, institutional, economic, and social and are discussed, in relation to the sustainability of solid waste collaborative projects. Although, refuse disposal and waste management are the constitutional responsibilities of local government councils it has become obvious that they are clearly incapacitated because they do not possess the financial capacity nor do they have the required human resources and organized to effectively tackle the problem. The matter is made worse for the metropolitan cities that have more than one local government are or council jointly tackle waste management sustainable. Alongside this environment problem has emerged health hazard posed by the mounting waste heaps, at the same time poverty is ravaging in Nigeria and in most cities in Africa.

1.2          STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

The high rate of urbanization, industrialization and population explosion in most Nigerian cities has led to a high rate of solid waste generation and hence, pose a great challenge to solid waste management (Nwocha, Mbano, and Dike 2011). Some of the existing studies on solid waste management are evaluativein nature. For example, Jonathan and Yusufu,(2011) assessed the factors influencing the generation and disposal of urban household solid waste in Nigerian cities .This study established that there is positive relationship among the significant assessment variables (such as type of residential area, employment status, income) and volume of waste generated and disposed.

Adeyemi, Olorunfemi and Adewoye, (2001) examined the role of waste scavengers in the waste recycling process in Ilorin, Nigeria. The research employed questionnaire survey and Plastic waste as an example, it was demonstrated that plastic recycling waseconomically viable. The findings indicated that, scavengers who operates in the informal sector have contributed significantly towards the separation of recyclables for the recycling industries. They finally recommended that the waste scavenger could be incorporated into the recycling process.

Ukoje,(2011) researched on the determinants of participation of stakeholders in solid waste management in Zaria. As such other categories of solid waste management in Zaria, Nigeria. The study analyzeddomestic solid waste management in the study areais being managed by individuals, private hands and local government effort in controlling solid waste in the area Abubakar, (2012), examined the public participation and perception of waste management. The management of waste generated and the peoples involvement and· the effort of government in management of waste in Jos metropolis. The findings were that there was not great people participation in the management of the environment but to some extent joint participation by the State and the Local Government authorities.Kasham, (2009) focused on the direct relationship between population growth increase and solid waste generation as well as indiscriminate dumping of waste, questioned the practice today as effective way of getting rid of valid solid waste, in Sabo area of Kaduna metropolis. Stephen, (2012) assessed the effects of municipal solid waste in Kaduna south local government area and emphasized on population growth and physical size of the environment and what the residents think of it. Ibrahim, (2012) basically studied refuse generation and disposal in Tudun-Wada Area of Kaduna South. The research studied dumping of refuse recklessly by the inhabitant resulting in poor disposal method which leads to general contamination of the environment. Akos, (2009) used frequency, percentages and other descriptive techniques to carefully analyzed the environmental problems of waste refuse dump sites in Kakuri area of Kaduna south. It examined the indiscriminate dumping and dumpsites and ways of tackling the menace. Joseph, (2008) assessed the problem of solid waste management in Kaduna metropolis. The study viewed solid waste management techniques in the metropolis and possible consequences thereof. Based on the available literature no study has examined solid waste management techniques in an integrated manner which calls for research attention. The techniques of burning, burying, open dumping and others are not effective and sustainable because the existing techniques had failed, this calls for a research of this magnitude, therefore there is need to understand how the management of waste could properly tackled to proper solutions.

The following research questions are posed to fill the gap.

1. What are the characteristics of waste generated in Kaduna North Local Government Area?
2. What municipal solid waste management techniques are adopted by individual and agencies in the study area?

• What is the capacity of waste management agencies in terms of equipment and personnel to deal with the waste challenges in Kaduna North?

1. What are the challenges of waste management in the area of study?

1.3         AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The aim of the study is to assess the municipal solid waste management techniques adopted by individuals and government agencies of Kaduna north local government area of Kaduna State. The objectives are to:-

1. examine the characteristics and volume of municipal solid wastes generated in the area of study;
2. examinethe management techniques for solid waste adopted by individuals and agencies in the study area;

• assess the capacities of waste management agencies in tackling of waste management and

1. examine the challenges of waste management techniques in the study area.

1.4         SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study covers five major wards in the study area namely; Kawo – HayinBanki, UnguwanDosa, UngwanSarki, UnguwanRimi, MagajinGari, UnguwanKanawa and Badarawa wards.The research is limited to municipal solid waste management techniques which originates from industrial, commercial, and residential areas of Kaduna north. The study examine and assess the composition, and various techniques of managing waste, characteristics of municipal solid wastes generated in these areas per day as well as the techniques adopted in dealing with the challenges of wastes management. Time and limitation of resources would not allow for extension of the research to other parts of the local government are sections such as UnguwanShanu, Abakpa, and other related areas such as RafinGuza.

1.5 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

The research of this magnitude is definitely very important to both, the community and the government to fine-tune ways and techniques of control and management of wastes. In recent time. Various water channels at Unguwar Kanawa, Badarawa, UnguwarDosa are blocked by wastes. This serve as an impetus for flooding in some areas such as Abubakar

• Kigo road, off Constitution road Kaduna, Badarawa, which is a common area during the rainy season that are prone to flash flooding. Parts of the causesof this flooding incidences is the solid waste that blocked the drainage channels and making it difficult for water to move freely.A study of this nature will bring out the shortcomings in the management techniquesof the solid waste towards adopting the effective techniqueand proper a sustainable techniques of managing solid waste in the study area and for further studies for researchers.

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