INFLUENCE OF PARENTING STYLE AND PERSONALITY ON RISKY SEXUAL BEHAVIOR OF STUDENT IN NIGERIA TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS

Abstract

This study primarily aims at assessing and studying the parenting styles and personality on risky sexual behavior of student in tertiary institution. ‘Parenting styles’ are of four main types which are authoritarian, authoritative, permissive and neglectful parenting style. Three main styles out of these namely authoritarian, authoritative and permissive style of parenting have been kept as the focus of this study to assess their effect student sexual behavior since both theoretically and practically it has always been documented and proved that the neglectful approach of parents always negatively impact the children and adolescents’ factors related to their ‘self’, therefore it is not kept in the inclusion criteria for this study.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgment

Abstract

Table of content

CHAPETR ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION 

1.1        Background of the study

1.2        Statement of problem

1.3        Objective of the study

1.4        Research Hypotheses

1.5        Significance of the study

1.6        Scope and limitation of the study

1.7       Definition of terms

1.8       Organization of the study

CHAPETR TWO

2.0   LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPETR THREE

3.0        Research methodology

3.1    sources of data collection

3.3        Population of the study

3.4        Sampling and sampling distribution

3.5        Validation of research instrument

3.6        Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 Introductions

4.2 Data analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Summary

5.3 Conclusion

5.4 Recommendation

Appendix

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the study

The parenting style is a psychological construct representing standard strategies that parents use in their child rearing. The quality of parenting is more essential than the quantity spent with the child. For instance a parent can spend the entire afternoon with his or her child but the parent may be engaging in a different activity and not demonstrating interest towards the child. Parenting styles are the representation of how parents respond to the demand of their children. Parenting practices are specific behaviours, while parenting styles represent broader patterns of parenting practices. There are many different theories and opinions on the best ways to rear children, as well as differing levels of time and effort that parents are willing to invest. Children go through different stages in life; therefore parents create their own parenting styles from a combination of factors that evolve overtime as children begin to develop their own personalities.

In sociology and psychology, self-esteem reflects a person’s overall subjective emotional evaluation of his or her own worth. It is a judgment of oneself as well as an attitude toward the self. Self-esteem encompasses beliefs for example, “I am competent”, “I am worthy” and emotions such as triumph, despair, pride and shame. In recent times, the concept of parenting has become very relevant in the study of adolescents behaviour. Researchers have provided convincing evidence that parenting behaviour during adolescence period is an important determinant of offspring behaviour, Green (1995) stated that the family is the first setting that is capable of affecting children’s ability to function effectively in the society and even the coping strategies they adopt in relationship emerge from their interaction with their parent. The effects of the quality of the dyadic mother-child-and-father-child experience are obviously manifested in the way the children perceived their parents role of childcare. Conceptually, parenting goes beyond being paternal or maternal progenitor but a representation of role modeling in upbringing of the children. It is basically the ability to look after children which involves the rearing of a child or children especially the care, love and guidance given by a parent. In this sense children are monitored and supervised by parent as they grow up. Furthermore many researchers have investigated the association between adolescents’ sexual behaviour and family variable like parenting for example parent child connectedness or closeness is related to both daughters’ and sons postponement of sexual intercourse (Jarcard, Dittus, & Gordon 1996; Resnick, Bearman, Blum, Bauman, Harris, Jones ,Tarbor Benbring, Sieving, Shew, Ireland, Bearinger & Udm 1997; Upchurch, Aneshensel, Sucoff & Levy-Storms, (1999). These studies and others that may exist in literature provide the ground to see parenting as a variable that exerts influence on adolescent’s sexual behavior. Related to as part of family process, parenting provides a salient developmental context, in that children grow up with one or two biological parents who have significant parental interactions and disciplinary orientation on the way the adolescents should relate to others. Most importantly parenting is a process with many dimensions which have consequences on the adolescent’s behaviour. The studies of Miller, Benson & Galbraith (2001), Gray & Steinberg, (1999) and Dorius & Barber (1998), revealed that intrusive maternal control is related to early age of first sexual intercourse which is part of risky behaviour. But with these reports, one is not really sure of the association that exists between each of the various dimensions of parenting or orientation regarded as the preventing styles. It is important to research into these dimensions so as to ascertain which of these dimensions positively or negatively correlate with risky sexual behavior The research by Baumrind (1968, 1979, and 1991) delineated major pattern of parental behaviour using personal observation and standardized ratings. He described the major patterns of behaviour as authoritarian, authoritative, permissive and rejecting-neglecting. These four parenting styles were based on two important dimensions of parenting as described by Baumrind which are demandingness and responsiveness. She described demandingness to mean the claims parents made on adolescents to become integrated into the family whole by their maturity demands, supervision, disciplinary efforts and willingness to confront the child who disobeys. Responsiveness according to her is the extent to which parents intentionally foster individuality, self regulation and self assertion by being attuned, supportive and acquiescent to the children’s special needs and demand. Although research in the relationship between parenting style and adolescent risky sexual behaviour is limited but the work of Baumrind (1991) is suggestive of possibility of a linkage between the two. In her study on how parents’ styles are related to the ability of adolescents to achieve independence and self-regulation, Baumrind (1991) established a relationship between these parenting styles and the adolescents’ self-regulation. Indeed parent’s involvement in the socialization process of adolescent in the family is vital to the psychological and social growth of the adolescents. Several important conceptual and methodological issues may complicate one’s understanding of the association between the parents or family process on sexual behaviour of adolescent. For example the issue of parental control is multidimensional, prior parents’ child sexual communication and variations in family rules and household routines. Thus results across studies are so variable and discrepant that no simple, direct association is discernable (Gray & Steinberg 1999 and Dorius & Barber 1998). Hence, the end of adolescence and beginning of adulthood varies by country and by function. Furthermore even within a single nation, state or culture there can be different ages at which an individual is considered mature enough for society to entrust them with certain privileges and responsibilities. Such milestones includes driving a vehicle, having legal sexual relations, serving in armed forces or in a jury, purchasing and drinking alcohol, voting, enticing into contracts, finishing certain levels of education and marriage. Adolescence is usually accompanied by an increased independence allowed by the parents and legal guardians, including less supervision as compared to pre adolescence. Adolescence is a search for risk taking, without risk-taking, teenagers would not have the motivation or confidence necessary to make a change in society from childhood to adulthood. Risk taking potentials have lead so many to new found sexual attractiveness, drinking, drug use/addiction, negative attitudes or responses to elders, delinquency, depression, aggressiveness and examination malpractices. Adolescence makes a rapid change in one’s role within a family. Young children tend to ascertain themselves forcefully, but are unable to demonstrate much influence over family decisions until early adolescent (Grotevant, 1997) when they are increasingly view by parents as equals. The adolescent faces the task of increasing independence while preserving a caring relationship with his or her parents (Rawlins, 1992). When children go through puberty, there is often a significant increase in parent-child conflict and less cohesive familial bond. Arguments often concern minor issues of control, such as curfew, acceptance, clothing and the adolescents’ right to privacy (Steinber, 2001) which adolescents may have previously viewed as issues over which their parents had complete authority. Parentsadolescent disagreement also increases as friends demonstrate a greater impact on one another, new influences on the adolescent that may be in opposition to parents’ values. Social media has also played an increasing role in adolescent and parent disagreement (Social Networking, 2012). While parents never had to worry about the threats of social media in the past, it has become a dangerous place for children. While adolescents strive for their freedoms, social media sites is a challenging subject, to which lead to instruct, as most parents have very little knowledge of social networking sites. All these challenges and conflict notwithstanding, regarding their important life issues, most adolescents still share the same attitude and values as their parents (Neil, Carlson & Donald, 2015). Parenting is a complex task that includes many specific behaviours that work individually and together to influence child’s behaviour. Although specific parenting behaviours such as spanking or reading aloud may influenced child development, looking at any specific behaviour in isolation may be misleading. Specific parenting practices are less important in predicting child well being than in the broad pattern of parenting. The construct of parenting styles is used to capture normal variations in parents’ attempt to control and socialize their children (Baumrind, 1991). Parenting styles consider broader pattern of methods, hence, psychologists like Baumrind (1967) theory of social development and parenting styles identify four parenting styles, namely authoritative, authoritarian, permissive and neglectful parenting.

• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Risky Sexual Behaviors which include, early sexual initiation/debut, unprotected sexual intercourse, multiple sexual partners, non-contraceptive use, coerced sexual intercourse, and transactional sexual intercourse can expose young adults to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV/AIDS, early un- intended pregnancy; early child-birth/risky childbearing from sexual escapades; suicide; and premature death from accidents, negative effects of alcoholism, drug use and violence (Kamile, 2009; Oluwatoyin and Oyetunde, 2014; Soboka and Kajela, 2015; Chimah et al., 2015) In young people including adolescents risky sexual behavior has been recognized as an important health, social and demographic concern especially in developing world (Somba etal., 2014). For many young people, university or higher institution represents a shift towards greater independence from home setting and an opportunity to form new friendships, and for several, an opportunity to experience sexual relations, and have multiple sexual partners with inconsistent condom use which makes them vulnerable to many health problems (Skinner and Hickey, 2003; Mulu et al., 2014). It is in view of the above that the researcher decides to investigate the influence of parenting style and personality on risky sexual behavior of students in Nigeria tertiary institutions.

• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The main objective of this study is to investigate the influence of parenting style and personality on risky sexual behavior of student in tertiary institutions; the researcher also intends to achieve the following specific objectives;

1. To investigate how these parenting styles and personality affects the sexual behavior of student.
2. To ascertain the relationship between parenting style and sexual behavior of student

• To examine the effect of risky sexual behavior on the academic performance of student

1. To examine the role of parent in curtailing the menace of risky sexual behavior among student of tertiary institution
   • RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

The following research hypotheses were formulated by the researcher to guide the successful completion of the study;

H₀: parenting styles and personality does not affect the sexual behavior of student

H₁: parenting styles and personality does not affect the sexual behavior of student

H₀: there is no significant relationship between parenting style and sexual behavior of student

H₂: there is a significant relationship between parenting style and sexual behavior of student

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study has both theoretical and practical significance. The findings of the study will be significant in various ways. The finding will be beneficial to parents, sociologists, guidance counselors, teachers, students, and curriculum planners. Theoretically, the study is anchored on social learning theory. This theory assumed that children learn new behaviors mainly by observation and imitating what others do, that behavior is strengthened by reinforcement and that when behavior is reinforced on an irregular basis it tends to persist. Sexual behaviors can be imitated from parent in the family. Family life education hinges on good models from the parents for children to imitate. The findings of this study will guide parents to socialize their children early in life on the consequences of negative sexual behaviors. Parents will also know the importance of discussing family life education with their children irrespective of cultural barriers. The knowledge parents gained will be used to guide children to plan their reproductive life early in life.

• SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study covers influence of parenting style and personality on risky sexual behavior of students in Nigeria tertiary institutions; in the cause of the study, there were some factors which limited the scope of the study;

1. a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study
2. b) TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.
3. c) FINANCE: Limited Access to the needed finances to broaden the scope of the study was a major constrain as the finances at the disposal of the researcher was very limited.

1.7 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Influence: The power to affect, control or manipulate something or someone; the ability to change the development of fluctuating things such as conduct, thoughts or decisions.

1. Parenting: Is the process of promoting and support the physical, emotional, social, financial and intellectual development of a child from infancy to adulthood. Parenting refers to the aspects of raising a child aside from the biological relationship.

iii. Style: A manner of doing things, especially in a fashionable one.

1. Self-Esteem: Is defined as the extent to which an individual believes himself or herself to be capable, significant, successful and worthy (Coopersmith, 1981).
2. Psychology: Is defined as the study of the human mind. It could also be the mental, emotional and behavioural characteristics pertaining to a specified person, group or activity.
3. Social: It refers to a characteristic of living organism as applied to populations of humans and other animals.

vii. Attitude: In psychology, an attitude is an expression of favour or disfavour toward a person, place, thing or event (the attitude object). An attitude is an evaluation of an attitude object, ranging from extremely negative to extremely positive.

viii. Beliefs: Is the mental acceptance of a claim as truth regardless of supporting or contrary empirical evidence.

1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows

Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), historical background, statement of problem, objectives of the study, research hypotheses, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlights the theoretical framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding.  Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study

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