IMPACT OF ALCOHOL USE ON WORK EFFICACY OF COMMERCIAL DRIVER’S AT THE VIP BUS TERMINAL

• CHAPETR ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION 

1.1        Background of the study

1.2        Statement of problem

1.3        Objective of the study

1.4        Research Hypotheses

1.5        Significance of the study

1.6        Scope and limitation of the study

1.7       Definition of terms

1.8       Organization of the study

CHAPETR TWO

2.0   LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPETR THREE

3.0        Research methodology

3.1    sources of data collection

3.3        Population of the study

3.4        Sampling and sampling distribution

3.5        Validation of research instrument

3.6        Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 Introductions

4.2 Data analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Summary

5.3 Conclusion

5.4 Recommendation

Appendix

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION 

• Background of the study

Alcohol use or abuse is a major contributing factor to road accidents or crashes in Ghana. (National Road Safety Commission.  (NRSC)  2005). It has been established that over 90 per cent of road crashes are caused by human error and in Ghana, nearly all the human factors in road crashes including drunk driving are the result of the failure to make or apply one regulation or another. According to the national road safety commission NRSC, It is estimated that six people are killed every day and 2000 die annually due to road crashes in the country. (National Road Safety Commission.  (NRSC) et al. 2005) This was disclosed by Mr. Abraham Zaato, the Assistant Planning Officer, National Road Safety Commission (NRSC), during the  annual general meeting of the Ghana National Association of Driving Schools also known as ‘Ghana Drive’. According to (Gerald et al., 1999), one-quarter of drivers are suspected of driving under the influence of alcohol, and (Charlton & Smith, 2003), alcohol is one of the main threat to road safety. This could be linked to the enforcement of Road Traffic Act, 2004 (Act 683), and its Regulations, 1974, which imposes stiffer punishment to culprits.  The law stipulates that, drinking of any alcoholic substance during driving, either in a form of beverage or high drugs when proven by a court of competent jurisdiction, a fine of GH¢ 2,400 (USD$ 1,264, March 2013, Bank of Ghana statistical bulletin) or may be sentenced up to 3.3 years’ imprisonment or both.

George Bernard Shaw once said that “alcohol is the anaesthesia by which we endure the operation of life”. Although some might find this an overly pessimistic sentiment, alcohol is certainly the drug of choice in Ghana, whether it is used as a stimulant, relaxant or an anaesthetic. And whatever benefits alcohol has in facilitating social interactions and taking the edge off a hard day, the harm alcohol can do to our health and wellbeing should not be forgotten. Nor should it come as a surprise, for as well as functioning as a social lubricant, alcohol is also a carcinogen (causing cancer), a teratogen (causing abnormalities in the unborn child), an addictive substance (causing dependency), and a toxin (causing cell damage). Many of the ways alcohol affects our bodies are commonly known about. Almost everyone knows that too much alcohol can damage the liver and cause liver failure or even liver cancer. But how many people know that alcohol is classed as a carcinogen and also causes breast cancer, bowel cancer, oesophageal cancer and throat cancer? And while we often hear about physical and sexual assaults, injuries, accidental drowning and road crashes when these have led to arrests, hospitalisations or coroner’s inquests, less attention is given to the impact of alcohol use on work efficacy of commercial drivers. Although most people are aware of the advice about avoiding alcohol while driving, because this can harm the driver (and the passengers), probably fewer are aware that alcohol can reduce the efficacy of an individual’s mental faculty. Some health effects of alcohol are incontestable. Anyone who has drunk too much at a single session would be familiar, to a greater or lesser degree, with the symptoms of alcohol poisoning (acute alcohol intoxication). These start with changes in mood and behaviour, impaired judgement and social functioning, and one or more physical signs such as slurred speech, unsteadiness, lack of co-ordination, nausea and vomiting, and, at the extreme, loss of consciousness and death. In addition, nobody who has experienced a hangover will dispute the ability of alcohol, in large doses, to cause a variety of unpleasant symptoms, including headache, nausea, stomach pain, fatigue and irritability. However, some health effects of alcohol are more complex or even contradictory. The effect of alcohol on the cardiovascular system is almost certainly the area of most controversy. The relationship between alcohol and road accident is very significant. Another area of debate, where the evidence can be confusing, and sometimes conflicting, is whether alcohol leads to job efficiency of drivers

• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

During the years 2007–2011, 79 people died and 900 were injured on average in road traffic accidents related to driving while intoxicated. These figures represent a quarter of all road traffic accident casualties and one-tenth of all injuries sustained in road traffic accidents. (Liikenneturva 2012) The reduction of drivers’ alcohol and other intoxicant use is a key part of the long term work of improving safety in road traffic. Tracking Alcohol can decrease the ability to judge the car’s position on the road, or the location of other vehicles, center line, or road signs. Concentration Alcohol may cause attention to driving to decrease and/or drowsiness to occur. Comprehension Alcohol can hinder the ability to make rational decisions, yet drivers in VIP bus terminal in Ghana perceived that it enhanced efficiency in driving. It is against this backdrop that the researcher intends to investigate the impact of alcohol use on work efficacy of commercial drivers at the VIP bus terminal in Ghana.

• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The main objective of the study is to ascertain the impact of alcohol use on work efficacy of commercial drivers at the VIP terminal in Ghana. But to aid the successful completion of the study, the researcher intends to achieve the following specific objectives;

1. To ascertain the impacts of alcohol use on work efficacy of commercial drivers
2. To examine the effect of alcohol on the behavior of the commercial drivers

• To ascertain if there is any relationship between alcohol use by drivers and accident rate.

1. To access the health effect of alcohol on the drivers efficiency
   • RESEARCH QUESTIONS

To aid the completion of the study, the following research questions were formulated by the researcher;

1. Does alcohol use have any impact on work efficacy of commercial drivers?
2. Does alcohol have any effect on the behavior of commercial drivers at the VIP bus terminal in Ghana?

• Is there any relationship between the rate of alcohol use by commercial drivers and road accident rate?

1. Does alcohol have any effect on the health of the commercial drivers
2. Does alcohol impair the job efficacy of commercial drivers in VIP bus terminal in Ghana.
   • SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It is believed that at the completion of the study the findings will be of great important to the federal ministry of transport, as the findings of the study will help the ministry put in place appropriate measures in curtailing the excessive use of alcohol by commercial bus drivers in the VIP bus terminal, the study will also be of importance to the Ghana road safety corps, to help them implement those policy formulated by the ministry of transport and enforced sanctions on the haring drivers, the study will also be useful to researchers who intends to embark on a study in a similar topic as the study will serve as a pathfinder for further studies. Finally, the study will be useful to teachers, students, academia’s and the general public as the study will add to the pool of existing literature.

• SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study covers the impact of alcohol use on work efficacy of commercial drivers  at the VIP bus terminal in Ghana. But in the cause of the studies there were some constrain which limited the scope o the study;

1. a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study
2. b) TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.
3. c) Organizational privacy: Limited Access to the selected auditing firm makes it difficult to get all the necessary and required information concerning the activities.

 

 

 1.7 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Alcohol    

An alcoholic drink, or alcoholic beverage, is a drink that contains alcohol, a depressant which in low doses causes euphoria, reduced anxiety, and sociability and in higher doses causes intoxication, stupor and unconsciousness

Commercial drivers

Any single vehicle, or combination of vehicles, that does not meet the definition of Class A or Class B, but is either designed to transport 16 or more passengers, including the driver

Work efficacy

work self-efficacy assesses workers’ confidence in managing workplace experience

Bus terminal

bus terminus is a designated place where a bus or coach starts or ends its scheduled route. The terminus is the designated place that a timetable is timed from. Termini can be located at bus stations, interchanges, bus garages or bus stops.

1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows

Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), historical background, statement of problem, objectives of the study, research hypotheses, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlights the theoretical framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding.  Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study

 

 

 

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