Impact of tillage practice on soil properties

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Tillage is the agricultural preparation of soil by mechanical agitation of various types, such as digging, stirring and overturning. Examples of human-powered tilling methods using hand tools include shovelling, picking, mattock work, hoeing, and raking. Examples of draft-animal-powered or mechanized work include ploughing (overturning with moldboards or chiseling with chisel shanks), rototilling, rolling with cultipackers or other rollers, harrowing, and cultivating with cultivator shanks (teeth). Small-scale gardening and farming, for household food production or small business production, tends to use the smaller-scale methods above, whereas medium- to large-scale farming tends to use the larger-scale methods. There is a fluid continuum, however. Any type of gardening or farming, but especially larger-scale commercial types, may also use low-till or no-till methods as well.

Tillage is often classified into two types, primary and secondary. There is no strict boundary between them so much as a loose distinction between tillage that is deeper and more thorough (primary) and tillage that is shallower and sometimes more selective of location (secondary). Primary tillage such as ploughing tends to produce a rough surface finish, whereas secondary tillage tends to produce a smoother surface finish, such as that required to make a good seedbed for many crops. Harrowing and rototilling often combine primary and secondary tillage into one operation.

“Tillage” can also mean the land that is tilled, the word “cultivation” has several senses that overlap substantially with those of “tillage”. In a general context, both can refer to agriculture. Within agriculture, both can refer to any of the kinds of soil agitation described above. Additionally, “cultivation” or “cultivating” may refer to an even narrower sense of shallow, selective secondary tillage of row crop fields that kills weeds while sparing the crop plants.

• Loosens and aeratesthe top layer of soil, which facilitates planting the crop
• Helps mix harvest residue, organic matter (humus), and nutrients evenly into the soil
• Mechanically destroys weeds
• Dries the soil before seeding (in wetter climates tillage aids in keeping the soil drier)
• When done in autumn, helps exposed soil crumble over winter through frosting and defrosting, which helps prepare a smooth surface for spring planting

1.2  Statement of problem

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