DEVELOPMENT OF A WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK(WSN) BASED MULTI – NETWORK CATTLE MONITORING SYSTEM

ABSTRACT

This study shows how to monitor the movement of cattle using wireless sensor nodes powered by a renewable energy source capable of detecting location, and incorporated in it all the available mobile networks to ensure that information about cattle location gets to the base in real-time. Performance analysis was carried out on the energy consumption pattern of the nodes which indicated that throughout the monitoring period, the average energy consumed by the nodes was thus; master node 6450 joules, node one 1680 joules, node two 1656 joules, node three 1676 joules, node four 1656 joules. The rate of energy consumption was sustained by the renewable energy source. It was equally observed that energy consumption  increased  depending  on  how  often  query  was  sent  and  how  often  the  conditions  of monitoring was violated. Monitoring of  network signal strength was equally carried out which showed – 59dB for MTN, -83 dB for Airtel, – 87 dB for 9mobile and – 93dB for Glo at latitude 96012”04’ and longitude 65066”21’. -87dB for MTN, -51 dB for Airtel, -73dB for 9mobile, -77dB for  Glo,  at latitude 96021”75’ and longitude 65056”63’. -68dB for MTN, -53 dB for Airtel, -57 dB for 9mobile, -49 dB for Glo at latitude 96032”51’ and longitude 65057”32’.  -87dB for MTN,  – 78dB for Airtel,  -51 dB for 9mobile, – 94dB for Glo, at latitude 96014”09’ and longitude 65072”63’. Also the average signal strength for MTN was -75.25dB, Airtel was -62.25dB, 9mobile was -67dB, and Glo was -72.25dB This is to guarantee that information about cattle location gets to the base without delay due to network failure which has been a major challenge faced with the current existing systems in tackling cattle rustling.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

The origin of the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) concept is related to military applications and its appearance was  motivated  by the recent  advances  in  Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) area that has enabled the production of low cost, low power and multifunction sensor nodes (Akyildiz et al., 2012). In general, WSN concept concerns a large number of inexpensive small sensing self-powered and communicate in a wireless way, with the final goal of delivering their data to a sink node.(i.e base station) which may be connected to other networks(e.g internet) (Puccinelli and Haenggi, 2005).

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a widely used technology in the present world, given its rapid enhancement in data transferring techniques as well as in size and range give freedom for wide range of application. Applications of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been growing at a rapid rate over the past couple of decades. Since WSN has received attention, the accompanying technology also rapidly enhanced, leading to the design of small sensors that are capable  of  sensing,  processing  and  communicating  data  (Yasaroglu  et  al.,  2016).  Sensor networks are usually deployed  at  remote sites.  They are charged with the responsibility of sensing and transferring data to the base station for processing and storage. These operations require uninterrupted power source, which constitutes a challenge given the locations of the sensors (Yasaroglu et al, 2016).

Cattle stealing is a concern   in Nigeria. It is reported that cattle robbers with heavy weapons attack cattle farmers community with the sole aim of killing the farmer and taking away their cattle. The chairman of Miyetti Allah cattle Breeders Association of Nigeria said  their  members  lost  over  7000 cattles to  cattle robbers  in 2014 (Bashir, 2014). In most cases, the cattle robbers kill and injure the farmers, abuse the women and take away their cattles (Adeniyi, 2015). This happens in Northern Nigeria expecially in Plateau state. Cattle stealing activities are common in Barkin Ladi and some local government Area of the State   (Abimaje, 2014), reports also have it that many villages in Kaduna, Zamfara   have been constantly  under the attack of the cattle robbers who intimidate the helpless cattle farmers. The Nigerian Special Task Force that is responsible in curbing the exceses of the cattle robbers comfirmed that 2501 cows have been stolen and 260 agile persons have lost their lives (Adeniyi, 2015). Interestingly cattle stealing is common in rural communities but its attendant effect goes beyond the communies where the act is perpetrated.

In South Africa and in most African countries stock theft threatens the livelihood of livestock farmers. For example, in the period between 2010 and 2011, goats to the value of R36.3 million, sheep to the value of R85.8 million and cattle worth R256 million Rands were stolen in South Africa (Abimaje, 2014) The impact of stock theft on resource-poor farmers is more severe than on commercial farmers, because they own small numbers of animals and often their livestock is their only source of income and sustenance. Stock theft also increases the cost of production to the agricultural sector and ultimately, food prices rise. There are numerous factors contributing to stock theft such as quick cash yield, unattended grazing as many subsistent farmers allow their animals to wander in search of suitable grazing land, and leaving their livestock in grazing fields for long periods without counting them.

Wireless  sensor  nodes  have  been used  to  optimize  pasture utilization,  monitor  temperature changes and track an animal location (Guo et al., 2007). The utilization of mobile wireless sensor nodes allows data collection which will help prevent livestock theft as well as unnecessary loss due to environmental stresses. The data collected from this wireless sensor nodes needs to be real-time, correctly analyzed and interpreted in order to extract useful information from the data set, hence the need for a WSN that incorporate in it all the available mobile networks in order to allow for data transmission as soon as they are generated. This research work also focuses on the source of energy that is available to the nodes. Since the generation and transmission of data is energy consuming, a solar panel was incorporated in addition to the rechargeable battery on each node and the local master node is specially equipped with the GSM module of all the networks. The determinant of this arrangement is hinged upon the need to get information to the base in good time to avert the activities of the rustlers.

1.2 Statement of the Research Problem

Cattle rustling pose a serious security threat to the life and property of the people living in Nigeria and South Africa, and the use of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) in combating the menace is  faced with the challenges of battery lifetime and  availability of constant  mobile connectivity in transferring information about the location of cattle to the base station where analysis could be made and decision taken on where and when to deploy security personnel to recover the missing herd. WSN has the abilities of sensing, processing and communicating over long  distances.  Its  abilities  are  limited  by  the  capacity  of  its  battery.  To  use  the  full functionalities of WSN, either the battery needs to be replaced or recharged in a periodic manner Beng et al., (2016). According to Swain et al. (2011), in tracking livestock there is always a give-and-take scene between the lifespan of the battery and how often data collection is taken because the GPS receiver consume more power. This research work makes use of a renewable energy source in powering the nodes and also  utilizes all the available mobile networks in transferring of data to the base station in real-time.

1.3 Aim and Objectives

The goal of this work is to develop a WSN based multi-network cattle monitoring system. To attain this goal, the following objectives are set, to

I.       Design a multi- network cattle monitoring system using GPS enabled wireless sensor node capable of detecting cattle location

II.      Develop a prototype of the multi-network cattle monitoring system using low energy consumption electronic components.

III.      Evaluate the developed system based on its energy consumption pattern.

1.4 Scope of the Study

The research was basically experimental in nature and focused on the development of a WSN based multi-network cattle monitoring system. It uses a photovoltaic cell (pvc) to complement the rechargeable battery in the WSN. To use full functionalities of WSN, either the battery needs to be replaced or recharged in a periodic manner ( Beng et al., 2016), also according to Swain et al.,(2011)  in  tracking  livestock  there  is  always  a trade-off  between  sampling  intensity  and longevity associated with the battery power demands of the GPS receiver. Analysis was made on the energy consumption pattern of the developed WSN based cattle monitoring system.

1.5 Justification

With the use of wireless sensors networks, that is dual powered and having the ability to transfer position data to base station in real time using  the mobile network with the highest  signal strength the activities of rustler can be prevented and quality of life in the affected region improved.

1.6 Thesis Outline

The introduction is presented in chapter 1. The rest of the chapters are structured as follows; Detailed   review   of   fundamental   concepts   and   related   works   about   wireless   sensor network(WSN), history of Global Positioning System (GPS), Animal tracking using GPS, Overview of Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), Review of WSN topologies with application are carried out in chapter 2. An in-depth approach in the development of a WSN multi-network cattle monitoring system are presented in chapter 3. The developed prototype of both the master node and the slave node in the WSN based cattle monitoring system,  and performance evaluation based on the energy consumption pattern, and discussion of the result are covered in chapter 4. Finally, conclusion, contribution to knowledge and recommendation of further works make up the chapter 5. The list of cited references, C++ codes, matlab code in the appendix are provided at the end of this thesis.

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