ABSTRACT
This research involves the use of chicken and goat waste at different mixing ratio to produce gas. A 32 litres Capacity prototype biogas plant constructed at the National centre for Energy Research and Development, University of Nigeria Nsukka was used to investigate the anaerobic digestion in generating biogas from two types of wastes: chicken waste and goat waste with different mixing ratios. Chicken waste, goat waste and co digestion of chicken and goat waste. The ratio of the percentage distribution of chicken waste to goat waste were: (100:0), (30:70), (70:30), (50:50), (0:100) all by weight percent for digesters 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. Goat waste alone (sample I), co digestion of chicken and goat waste (sample II), co digestion of chicken and goat waste (sample III), co digestion of chicken and goat waste (sample IV) and chicken waste alone (sample V). The digester was charged differently with these wastes in the ratio of 1:3 of waste to water respectively. The mesophilic ambient temperature range attained during the course of the experiment were 26 -38 oC and a slurry temperature of 25 – 32 oC. The result showed that sample I, sample II, sample III, sample IV and sample V were capable of producing a total of 17.3 L, 44.3 L, 74.3 L, 86.2 L and 113.2 L of biogas respectively in a 32 L digester in 30days. Chicken waste alone has the highest volume of gas production as compared to other wastes. The result obtained from the gas production showed that sample IV produced the highest methane content of 63.3 % followed by sample III with 59.4 %, followed by sample II with 59.2 %, followed by sample I with 59.1 % and sample IV has the least methane content of 57.3 %. This research has shown that goat waste can produce methane for cooking and can be combined with other animal wastes to enhance its viability for biogas production. The study showed that chicken droppings as animal waste have great potentials for generation of biogas and also high volume of biogas as compared to others.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Global depletion of energy supply due to continuous over-utilization is a major problem of the present and future world community. Today’s life-style is strength demanding, so we want to discover and make the most new sources of energy which are renewable as well as eco-friendly. Energy is generally classified in either renewable or non-renewable. Biogas comes in the category of renewable energy sources. Renewable energy is energy that is generated from natural resources which can be replenished within a short period of time. Some renewable energy sources include biomass, water (hydro-power), geothermal, wind, and solar (Godi et al., 2013).
The livestock industry is growing day by day concentrated within the urban as well as rural community. The number of livestock for goats and chickens in Malaysia was estimated around 505 and 208 million, respectively; these abundant faeces may release nitrate and ammonia gas causing water pollution, odor pollution and health problems to human beings. The alternative degree to oversee this issue is to utilize these feces as crude materials in biogas generation. Biogas comprises of a blend of methane gas, hydrogen gas, carbon dioxide and other gases coming about from deterioration of natural matter by anaerobic microscopic organisms within the nonappearance of oxygen. Biomass is defined as ecologically dried materials from living organisms that present in certain periods for each unit of earth surface (Manyi-Loh et al., 2013). Biomass energy is defined as energy from the plants and raw materials from industrial and municipal waste (White, 1981). Biogas technology affords a very fascinating route to utilize categories of biomass for meeting partial energy needs. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a technology widely used for treatment of organic/biological waste for biogas production and provides a source of energy while simultaneously resolving ecological and agrochemical issues (krishan et al.2014). The anaerobic fermentation of manure for biogas production does not reduce its value as a fertilizer supplement, as available nitrogen and other substances remain in the treated sludge (Alnaney and Liden 2008).
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a natural biological decomposition of organic material in a controlled environment in the absence of oxygen (Nitin et al., 2012). In this deoxidized- zone, bacteria are employed to decompose the proteinaceous and carbonaceous materials producing biogas and sludge (krishan et al.2014). Depending on the type of raw material, biogas contains on average 50 -70 % methane, 30-40 % carbon dioxide, 1-2 % nitrogen, 5-10 % hydrogen, and trace amounts of hydrogen sulfide and water vapor (Nitin et al., 2012).
One of the burning issues confronting the world nowadays is the administration of all sources which endangers the presence of human life. Biogas production is a complex biochemical reaction found to take place under the action of delicately pH sensitive microbes mainly bacteria in the presence of little or no oxygen (Krishan et al., 2014). Three major groups of bacteria (Hydrolytic, Acidogenesis, Acetogenesis and Methanogenesis) are responsible for breaking down the complex polymers in biomass waste to form biogas at anaerobic conditions (krishan et al.2014). Biogas production is slightly slow at the starting and the quit duration of observation. This is envisioned due to the fact that biogas production rate in batch situation is directly proportional to precise growth charge of methanogenic bacteria in the bio digester (Nordberg and Edstrom, 2005). The present study aims at producing biogas from chicken droppings and goat waste.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Over the years, kerosene is one of the most commonly used fuel for lighting and cooking in Nigeria, most consumers of kerosene are faced with ridiculous increase in the prices of kerosene due to its overwhelming demand; yet it remains scarce and limited in supply. As a result of this challenges, larger percentage of the populace seek solutions to their energy needs from other sources which in most cases are detrimental to the environment. For instance, there was a 5.5 % increase in the dependence on wood fuel for cooking between 2007 and 2008 (Nigeria Bureau of Statistics, 2009). More so, 79.6 % of the households depend on wood fuel for their cooking while kerosene, coal, gas and electricity come behind from distant 18.51, 1.1, 0.6 and 0.2 % respectively (Nigeria Bureau of Statistics, 2009). As a result of the ever growing populace in the country, most researchers have worked on several biogas production from various biodegradable materials hence, it is necessary to research on alternatives to make the production process faster by enhancing the rate of digestion through addition of additives. Also, the excessive waste generated from various farms across the country if not properly handled can cause adverse environmental and health issues. Goat waste and chicken droppings are such waste if channeled towards biogas production instead of the current habit of using them for landfills or as fertilizer without pretreatment can help in environmental cleanup.
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study
The aim of this study is to develop and carry out performance evaluation of a 32 litre chicken and goat waste digester.
The objectives of this study are to:
1. To develop a mini prototype to obtain biogas.
2. Produce biogas from chicken and goat wastes independently, and from different blends of chicken and goat waste.
3. Compare the biogas production between chicken waste and goat waste.
1.4 Significance of the Study
Many countries are facing enormous problems associated with overproduction of organic wastes from industry, agriculture and households. Biogas production is an excellent way to comply with increasingly restrictive national and International regulations in this area and to utilise organic wastes for energy production, followed by recycling of the digested substrate as fertilizer.
The findings of this study will contribute to better understanding of the causes of low production and adoption rate of biogas technology. If the responsible government institutions and other stakeholders will adequately promote biogas technology, many people will adopt it and have an alternative sustainable source of energy. As pointed out earlier, biogas dissemination and adoption will reduce deforestation, save time wasted in firewood collection and in turn increase women participation in other productive work. Organic fertilizer yielded as the end by-product of the technology will improve crop yields hence enriches the lives of users.
Furthermore, the findings of this study could be used as inputs for decision-making by the policy makers, planners, non-governmental organizations, and implementers of bio-energy technologies and other works of similar nature. In addition the findings would provide additional knowledge on the present literature on bio-energy technologies about the potential of agro-forest residues to be used as raw materials for renewable energy source. It is anticipated further that the study would also stimulate interest on more researches in the field of renewable energy sources.
1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study
The scope of the work carried out covers the design, fabrication and performance evaluation of a 32 litre biogas digester plant using chicken and goat waste independently and different blends of chicken and goat waste. However the limitation to this work is that Total viable count which enables the waste for biogas production free from infectious diseases was not adopted during the course of the research. Also, the 32 Litre Digester is a small scale design which cannot be used for industrial purpose, therefore effort should be made to increase the size of the digester to a larger capacity for industrial use.
This material content is developed to serve as a GUIDE for students to conduct academic research
DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A 32 LITRE CHICKEN AND GOAT WASTE DIGESTER
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