ABSTRACT
There are improper solid waste management processes in Abuja metropolis which leads to causes of ill health and environmental hazards to inhabitants. The effect of pollution caused by solid waste in open dumps and landfills can be minimised through conversion of the waste to  energy.This  study focuses  on  assessing energy generation  potential  from  solid  waste generated in Abuja municipal. The study investigated available energy conversion in solid waste  using four sample  of  waste  from  two  sites,  Gossa  and  Kubwa.  It  involves characterising the physical property, determination of proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, analysis of caloric value of the waste and prediction of total estimated caloric value of solid waste in Abuja. A sample of 0.5 g per waste was used in the analysis except for caloric value where 0.6 kg was adopted per each sample. The proximate analyses revealed thatSW1 (food, wood and paper) has a moisture content of 14.68 %, SW2 (textile, rubber and plastic) has a moisture content of 16.58%, SW3 (metal-aluminium) has a moisture content of0.11%and SW4 (glass and ceramics) has a moisture content of 0.1%respectively. However, volatile matter of SW1, SW2, SW3 and SW4 include49.41 %, 55.37 %; 0.13 % 0.29 % respectively. The ash content of the listed samples is 9.92%, 13.50%; 0.35%, and0.12% respectively and the fixed carbon content (FCC) is 25.99 %, 14.55 %; 99.41 % and 99.49 % respectively. The ultimate analyses revealed thatthe three samples had high mass ratio of carbon content and they include sample A1; A2 and B2 respectively. In these samples carbon had 15.6 %, 22.28 % and 13.22 % respectively that is represent the carbon -fuel in the sample. The predictedcaloric value of the waste is 0.123 MJ/kg.The study concludes that adaptation of solid waste as source of alternative energy will be beneficial for electricity generation and this will lead the nation at large to improve growth and development.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
The challenge in solid waste management over past few decades includes finding sustainable solution to solid waste management problem. The adoption of integrated solid waste management strategies and maintenance of sanitary landfills do not really solve the problem (Abdel-Shafy and Mansour, 2018). The solution is not perfect especially in developing nation as a result of urbanisation and population growth. These are solely responsible for high increasing rate of solid waste and its proper management is a major problem of municipal agency in developing world (Alam, 2013). The developing nations such as Nigeria witnessed a rapid population growth over the past decades and thus providing a large market for manufacturing industries and organisations and this leads to increases in wastes generations (Olukanni et al., 2016). Thus urbanisation trends and industrialisation in Nigeria have led to a rapid growth in the volume of waste generated in the country. Abuja population is growing faster than the authority’s capacity of waste collection and disposal, a condition which has led to inadequate waste management; this is not only in Abuja municipal but all Nigeria cities. The waste generated in Abuja has been enormous due to lack of appropriate techniques for managing generated waste (Olukanni, 2013).
Improper waste management have potential risks to environment and human health from handling. Direct health risks concern mainly the workers in this field, who need to be protected, as far as possible, from contact with wastes. There are also specific risks in handling wastes from hospitals and clinics. For the general public, the main risks to health are indirect and arise from the breeding of disease vectors, primarily flies and rats (Alam, 2013).
The pile of solid waste gives unconditional ill health and environmental hazards due to population growth especially in urban area in Abuja (Imam et al., 2008).
Ahmed (2002) refers that the solid content of generated waste as refuse and also refers the liquid content of generated waste as effluent. To preventing the risk posed by solid waste the need for waste to energy conversion is best solution. Waste-to-energy is recognized by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as a clean, reliable, renewable source of energy. The combustion of municipal solid wastes for generating electricity has been recognized by several US states as a renewable source of energy. The search for renewable energy sources is motivated by the desire to reduce use of fossil fuels. In the traditional sense, renewable sources of energy are those that nature can replenish, such as waterpower, wind-power, solar radiation and biomass (wood and plant waste). The European Union (EU) targets for 2020 is that 20% of the energy need in a European country must come from renewable energy and half of this need must be covered by biomass (Dolgen et al., 2005).
Municipal solid waste (MSW) contain a large fraction of paper, food wastes, cotton and leather, all of which are renewable materials. Solid waste can be directly combusted (known as mass burning) in waste-to-energy facilities (WTE) as a fuel with minimal processing, or it can be gasified using digestion, pyrolysis or thermal gasification techniques (Dolgen et al., 2005). Energy availability is perhaps a worse problem than solid waste management in Nigeria of today. Energy is not readily available a condition which cause unfold poverty to Nigerian (Okeye et al., 2007). Energy can be generated from source of total of 727 estimated trips in weekly basis in different locations in Nigeria Federal Capital, Abuja dumping site. Each waste truck is estimated to have a carriage capacity between 8 to 10 tonnes. In view of the above, the total estimate of tonnes of solid waste evacuated for year 2010 in the Federal capital, Abuja lie between 302,372 to 378,040 tonnes (302472000kg to 378090000kg) and the average solid waste generation rate is also estimated to lie between 0.59 to 0.74 kg/person/day (Abur et al., 2014). The potential energy production and income from energy sales depend heavily on the energy content (net calorific value) of the waste. The amount of energy or heat value in an unknown fuel can be estimated by ultimate analysis, compositional analysis, proximate analysis and calorimetric analysis if the arises. However, as a result of this pile of solid waste in Abuja metropolis, present study concept tends to assess energy generation potential from solid waste material in Abuja municipal.
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
The increase of solid waste is emerging challenges facing Municipal solid waste management (MSW) in Abuja metropolis. This is resulted from population growth due to urbanisation and modernisation in the cities. However, abnormal solid waste management process in Abuja metropolis leads to causes of ill health and environmental hazards to inhabitants because of solid waste are kept in open dumps and landfills. The municipal solid wastes which are dumped along roadsides, open culverts and waste channels require attention weekly basis in Abuja metropolis. Improper MSW disposal and management causes all types of pollution: air, soil, and water. Indiscriminate dumping of wastes contaminates surface and groundwater supplies.
There are MSW clogs drains, creating stagnant water for insect breeding and floods during rainy seasons in Abuja. The natural organic components of MSW (food and plant wastes) can be composted aerobically that is in the presence of air to generate carbon-dioxide (CO2) water and a compost product that can be used as soil conditioner from the waste generated but it is not been assessed. There is need to assess the huge deposit of solid waste as alternative source of energy in Abuja metropolis. The generated waste can help in conversion of waste-to-energy (WTE). In a WTE plant, non-recyclable MSW is combusted at high temperatures. The heat of combustion is used to produce steam that drives a turbine generator of electricity. In this process, a sophisticated air pollution control system can be used to remove particulate and gaseous pollutants before the process gas is released into the atmosphere.
Nigeria as whole largely dependent on hydroelectric power though the gas power plant in the recent and to reduce energy crisis failure the need for renewable energy from biomass source needs high consideration. This will help identifying a great potential to biomass energy in Nigeria in which only municipal solid waste will highly be major source. Most studies concentrate in Nigeria only on waste management strategies in Abuja and little have done on assessing of energy generation potential from solid waste material in Abuja municipal which support and boost electricity supply in Abuja metropolis.
1.3 Aim and Objectives
This study is to assess energy generation potential from solid waste generated in Abuja municipal. The objectives include to:
i.     characterise the physical property of the solid waste
ii.     determine proximate analysis of the solid waste
iii.      determine ultimate analysis of the solid waste
iv.   analyse caloric value of the waste
v. prediction of total estimated caloric value of the waste
1.4 Justification of the Study
Biomass is a very promising resource for energy production and bio fuels due to the wide array of conversion methods, abundance, availability, and greenhouse effect around the world. The outcome of the study would be useful energy sustainability which better strategy for Nigerian energy generation and development. The outcome of the research will be useful for students and researchers of power plant engineering. Thus, the finding of the research tends to improve the standard of living and environmental protection in Abuja through evacuation of solid waste that can cause ill health and environmental pollution. Therefore the Abuja environments will be safe to live because hazards posed by the solid waste will not be significant. The outcome of the study will support the potential of energy generation in Nigeria and it will help future researchers in the field of study.
1.5 Scope of the Study
This study will make use of available secondary data to estimate available quantity of solid waste in Abuja. Also to determine if the quantity is huge enough for waste to energy (WTE) conversion in support energy generation in Nigeria. The study will physically characterise the solid waste available in most landfills in Abuja metropolis. However, the use of proximate analysis, ultimate analysis and caloric value analysis of solid waste will help analysing the potential of solid waste presently in Abuja municipal especially at dumping sites or landfill within the environs.
This material content is developed to serve as a GUIDE for students to conduct academic research
ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY GENERATION POTENTIAL FROM SOLID WASTES IN ABUJA MUNICIPAL
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