APPRAISAL OF TOURISM HABITS OF ACADEMIC STAFF IN SELECTED UNIVERSITIES IN NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

The research aims at determining the factors that influence tourism travels by academic staff of selected universities with a view of identifying the constraining factors that hinders their tourism habits and making suitable recommendation to encourage participations in leisure tourism. A structured questionnaire was designed and validated and administered through cluster sampling procedure. The review of literature was made on the determinant of tourism and its related activities. The result of the analyzed data provided by the respondent revealed that academic staff were more involved in work related tripsthan leisure trips. It also revealed that academic rank has a significant influence on the frequency of travels by academic staff the study concluded with recommendation for improvement in tourism participation.

CHAPTER ONE

 

Title page –

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Declaration –

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Certification –

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Dedication –

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Acknowledgement –

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Abstract –

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Table of contents  –

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vii

CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND OF STUDY

1.0

Introduction-

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-1

1.1

Statement of Problem –

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1.2

Aim-

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1.3

Objectives –

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-3

1.4

Scope and Limitation –

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CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0

Approaches to Tourism Behaviour Studies – –

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2.1

Tourism Demand –

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2.2

Motivation and decision-making in Tourism –

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-9

2.3

The Tourist as a consumer –

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2.4

Tourist Motives –

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2.5

Determinants of Tourism Habits –

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2.5.1

Personal and facility influences –

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2.5.2

Family Lifecycle –

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2.5.3

Gender –

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2.6

Tourism and Work-

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2.7

Social class and Income-

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2.8

Paid holiday Entitlement –

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2.9

Tourism Motivation and Segmentation-

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2.9.1

Segmentation by purpose of Travel-

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2.10

Constraints to Tourism Participation –

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3.0

Methodology- –

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3.1

The Survey Tools –

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3.1.1

Questionnaire –

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3.1.2

Interviews –

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3.1.3

Relevant Data –

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3.2

Sampling –

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3.2.1

Sampling Frame –

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3.2.2

Sample Size – –

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3.3

Sampling Method –

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3.4

Data Analysis –

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CHAPTER FOUR: TOURISM PATTERNS AND DETERMINANTS

4.1

General Profile of Respondents –

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4.1.1

Age –  –

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4.1.2

Gender –

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4.1.3

Academic Rank –

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4.1

Tourism Habits among the Staff of Universities –

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4.1.1

Purposes of Trips by Respondents –

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4.1.2

Number of Trips By Respondents in Universities –

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4.1.3

Duration of Trips by Respondents in Universities –

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4.1.4

Trip Destinations by Respondents in Universities –

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4.2

Characteristics of Tourism Patterns of Academic Staff –

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4.2.1

Purpose of Trips –

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4.2.2

Frequency of Trips by Respondent –

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4.2.3

Destination of Trips by Respondents –

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4.2.4

Duration of trips by Respondents –

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4.3 .1

Factor that Determine Tourism Habits of Academic staff –

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4.3.2

Motivation as a determinant of tourism habits –

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4.3.3

Funding as a Determinant of tourism habits – –

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4.3.4

Income as Determinant of Tourism Habit of Academic Staff –

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4.3.5

Academic Rank and Tourism Habits of Respondents –

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4.3.6

University Policy –

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CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION

5.1	Summary –	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	-56
5.2	Recommendation –		–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	-59
5.3	Conclusion –	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	-61
	References –	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	-62
	Appendix –	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	-65

 

	LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.0 Type of Data Required and Sources			–	–	–	–	-25
Table 2.0 Institution and Sample Size		–	–	–	–	–	-28
Table 3.0 Structure of Sampling Design		–	–	–	–	–	– 29
Table 4.1 Age of Respondent	–	–	–	–	–	–	-31
Table 4.2 Gender of Respondents	–	–	–	–	–	–	-32
Table 4.3 Academic Rank of Respondents		–	–	–	–	–	-33
Table 4.4 Nature of Trips by Respondents		–	–	–	–	–	-34
Table 4.5 Respondent‟s Number of Trips by University				–	–	–	-35
Table 4.6 Respondents Duration of Trips by University				–	–	–	-36
Table 4.7 Respondents Destination by University			–	–	–	–	-38
Table 4.8 Respondents by Purpose of Trips		–	–	–	–	-40
Table 4.9 Distribution of Respondents based on Frequency of Trips						–	-41
Table 4.10Destination of Trips by Respondents			–	–	–	–	-43
Table 4.11 Respondents based on Trips Duration				–	–	–	-44
Table 4.12 Respondents Motive for Travelling			–	–	–	–	-46
Table 4.13 Respondents‟ Trips Sponsorship –			–	–	–	–	-47
Table 4.14Income level by Respondents‟ Number of Trips within a Year –							-48
Table 4.15Income level by Respondents‟ Duration of Trips within a Year						–	-49
Table 4.16 Academic Rank of Respondents by Frequency of Trips (percentage)							-50
Table 4.17 Academic Rank of Respondents by Duration of Trips (percentage)							-51
Table 4.18 Respondents‟ Number of Annual Leave Taken				–	–	–	-53
Table 4.19Respondents Constraints on Participation of Tourism					–	–	-54

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1	Rank of Respondents and Duration of Trips	–
Figure 2	Relationship between Income and Frequency of Trips
Figure 3	Relationships between Income and Duration of Trips
Figure 4Ranks of Respondents and Frequency of Trips		–

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The World Tourism Organisation defines tourism as “the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leissure, business and other purposes.” This broad definition of tourism is then broken down into six categories according to the purpose of the trip: Leisure, recreation and holidays; Visiting friends and relatives: Business and professional activities; Health treatment; Religious and pilgrimages. Those that engage in tourism – i.e. tourists can also be divided into international tourists and domestic tourists and into overnight tourists and same-day visitors.

The individual tourist is believed to be influenced by the social, cultural or nationality groups that they belong to. Thus the collective value, taste, lifestyle, and characteristics of social, national or cultural groups are interpreted as instrumental in moulding individual tourist’s behaviour and taste in some structured manner. (Butler, 1991); and (Holloway and Plant, 1998), suggests that there is a strong tendency for individuals to conform to the norms and values of social groups (peers, students, workmates, friends, neighbours and relations) cultural, national or regional groups in their aggregate patterns of demand for tourism products. Also, tourists’ habits and participation pattern is a function of available resources; that is destination product supply tends to influence tourist’s pattern.

1.1 Statement of Problem

The observation that tourism demand is determined by an individual‟s age, economic, social, and cultural background has been confirmed by many studies in the developed world (Smith, 1990; Moscardo, 1996; Gunn, 1972). Such position subsequently has been widely adopted and applied in planning, design and development of leisure facilities and tourism destinations (Bhaha, 1982). In the third world, the determinants of tourism habits are generally poorly understood and have resulted from inadequate studies and information. Data on the demographic, economic, social and cultural influences on tourism habits of social groups is a major area of deficiency reported in the literature (Buhart and Meduk, 1975). In some other instances, contradictory reporting has been made on the influence of the factors (Parolin 2001; Dann 1996). To provide adequate information on tourism patterns and their explanation for planning purposes, studies are therefore required that disaggregate data at population cluster levels, where attributes such as income, educational level and social status are captured. From such clusters, tourism behaviour, attitude and demand pattern can easily be predicted and explained. This study examines the tourism habits of academic staff in universities whose data is either not readily available or where available, is erroneously reported.

In addition to the need of establishing baseline data on the tourism habit of university lecturers, the study will disaggregate travel patterns of Academic staff by category of tourism activities engaged in. This relates to finding answers to the following questions:

1. What types of tourism activity are academic staff engaged in?

 

2. What are the factors that explain the tourism habits of academic staff?

 

3. What is the correlation between social statuses and tourism pattern?

 

The findings of the study shall provide the data base for refining the known positions on the tourism habits of groups which usually exists in generalized and aggregate terms.

1.2 Aim

The aim is to appraise the tourism habits and characteristics of academic staff in selected universities in Nigeria with a view to identifying patterns and explanations, and making appropriate recommendations.

1.3 Objectives

 

1. To review and identify the determinants of tourism habits among social groups.

 

2. To examine the tourism habits and characteristics of academic staff in selected universities.

 

3. To determine the factors that influences the tourism habits of staff in the selected institutions.

 

4. To highlight lessons to be learnt and make appropriate recommendations for the improvement of tourism habits among academic staff.

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