Abstract – – – – – – – – – xiv

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

 

1.1 Background to the study	– – – – – – –	2
1.2 Statement of the research	problem – – – – –	3
1.3 Aim of the study –	– – – – – – –	4
1.4 Objectives of the study	– – – – – – –	4
1.5 Scope of the study-	– – – – – – –	5

 

CHAPTER TWO: CONCEPTUAL ISSUES AND LITERATURE REVIEW

 

• Conceptualissues – – – – – – – – 6

2.1.1  Gender – – – – – – – – – 6

• A gendered definition ofwaste – – – – – – 7
• Urbancentre – – – – – – – – 8
• Solid waste generation, collection, transportationand disposal – 9
• Scavengers(waste pickers) – – – – – – 16
  • Social conditionsof scavengers – – – – – 17
  • Organizationof scavenging – – – – – – 19
• Reuseand recycling – – – – – – – 21

2.2 Study area – – – – – – – – – 24

• The physical features ofSokoto   – – – – – – 25
  • Climaticcondition – – – – – – – 25

2.3.2 Topography – – – – – – – – 26

2.4 Population – – – – – – – – 27

• Urban structureof Sokoto – – – – – – 28
• Socio-culturalcharacteristics – – – – – – 29

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

• Methodology – – – – – – – – 31
  • Data requiredand sources – – – – – – 31
    • Primarydata – – – – – – – – 31
    • Secondarydata – – – – – – – – 31
  • Surveyinstrument – – – – – – – 32
    • Institutionalsurvey – – – – – – – 32
  • Datacollection procedure – – – – – – 32
    • Samplingframe – – – – – – – 32
    • Sampling technique and samplesize – – – – – 33
  • Techniques ofdata analysis – – – – – – 35

CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION OF RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

• Introduction – – – – – – – – 36
• Socio-economic characteristicsof respondents – – – – 36
  • Ageof respondents- – – – – – – – 36
  • Marital statusof respondents – – – – – – 37

4.1.3. Occupation of respondents – – – – – – 38

• Ethnic groupof respondents – – – – – – 38
• Educational qualificationof respondents – – – – 39
• Family sizeof respondents – – – – – – 40
• Income ofrespondents – – – – – – – 40

• Solid wastemanagement activities – – – – – 41
  • Solidwaste activities – – – – – – – 41
  • Means of transportation in solidwaste management – – – 43
  • Self employed, waste workers with public and private waste organizations among respondents – – – – – – – – 46
  • Day(s) of participationby respondents – – – – 48
  • Waste sortingactivity  – – – – – – – 49
  • Level of waste sorting activityamong respondents – – – 49
  • Quantity of waste materials collected every weekby respondents – 51
  • Benefits derived from solid wastemanagement business – – 52
  • Private and Government institution with womenwaste workers – 55
  • An illustration/findings on women participation in solid waste management57
• Challenges in wastemanagement activities – – – – 58
  • Kind of support needed from thegovernment  – – – – 58
  • Major challenges among respondents involved in solidwaste business 59
  • Public view as a challenge on solidwaste collectors – – – 60
• Solid waste management and the state ofhealth – – – – 61
  • Awareness of health implication of waste managementamong respondents 61

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION

5.0 Introduction – – – – – – – – 63

5.1 Summary  – – – – – – – – – 63

• Recommendations- – – – – – – – 66
  • Specificrecommendations – – – – – – 66

5.3 Conclusion – – – – – – – – 70

References – – – – – – – – – 72

ABSTRACT

Analysis of women‟s participation in waste picking and solid waste management as a whole has immense socioeconomic and environmental benefits and also can serve as a basis for identifying problems and making relevant recommendations in Sokoto Metropolis, Nigeria. The objectives of this research are to: review gender participation in solid waste management; review the solid waste management policies and programmes in Sokoto metropolis; assess the nature of women‟s participation in municipal solid waste management in Sokoto metropolis and the outcomes; identify problems and make recommendations. A total of 328 women participants in waste picking among other solid waste management were studied in the six districts covered in Sokoto metropolis using cluster and purposive sampling techniques. Tables, percentages, and charts were used for the analysis. The results showed that majority of the women waste participants within the six districts of Sokoto Metropolis were less than 45 years old. As noted, majority of the people involved in solid waste activities, as indicated by the survey results were married with 53.7% and were mostly of Hausa/Fulani ethnic composition with 60.4%. Scrap metal, assorted bottles and farmyard manure, are the major materials that attract women solid waste entrepreneurs in Sokoto metropolis. About 57.6% of the respondents collect less than 200 kg of valuable waste materials every week. In contrast, 23.8% comprising some women scrap metal collectors, major dealers and those involved in compost business collect above 600 kg of waste valuables. about 65% of the respondents usually partake in waste activity on their own ranging from house to house collection of solid waste recyclables, to waste picking on the street, offices etc. field investigation also revealed that about 68% of women do collect more of solid waste materials e.g. glass bottles, assorted plastics, cans, among others even more than the opposite sex. The study notes that waste materials are mostly conveyed using locally made cart (Kura) and only a few are conveyed with car for disposal to end users. Women participants surveyed expressed that most of the solid waste materials are utilized locally throughout the study area. Interestingly, the benefits derived by some of the respondents include: family support; multiple source of income; earning a living/self sustenance; employer of labor among others. The average monthly income generated especially among some of the actors from scrap metal/bottles and farmyard manure (compost) collection was discovered to be above N6, 000 which is more than the salaries paid to some workers even civil servants (minimum wage of N 18, 000 per month)  as their take home in the study area. Also, about five (5) women earn up to about N90, 000 in a month. As high as 84.8% of sampled solid waste participants in the study area claimed that the government never came to their aid. However, the major challenges faced by solid waste entrepreneurs especially women in Sokoto Metropolis are categorized into: fluctuation in prices of waste valuables; high cost of transportation; inadequate labor force; poor or absent of union leaders etc.

It is concluded that participation of women in solid waste management without gender bias contribute more to waste management thus it is suggested that waste activity being an informal sector should be transformed into a more formal sector and formulating a more functional union leaders that will take their plea to appropriate government authorities which will in turn bring about better organization of the sector, hence making it more attractive and therefore, creating ample opportunities for the unemployed in Sokoto and beyond.

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The problems of solid waste management in Nigerian cities have resulted from rapid increase in urban populations, rapid industrialization and changing lifestyle. Many urban areas also generate solid wastes beyond what they can manage, and this is closely associated with  economic profiles and background. In many places, municipalities spend 20-50% of their available re-current budget on solid waste management which normally generates marginal results. Yet, it is also common that 30-60% of all the urban solid wastes in developing countries are uncollected, and less than 50% of the population is served.

One of the critical areas that needs to be addressed when reviewing the impact of solid waste management is the gender issue. In all societies, women have a different role from that of men. As mothers and homemakers as well as educators, entrepreneurs and producers, women more than men, have to play multiple roles. The demands of these multiple roles in poorer countries place women, particularly the non-elite ones, at a special disadvantage (United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNDFW, 1998). This problem is huge considering the fact that women constitute 60% of the world‟s one billion poor and out of 1.3 billion people living in absolute poverty, over 70% are women.

Research according to Scheinberg et. al., (1998) has shown that across many cultures, women handle waste in their homes although the richer women delegate this task to servants. In general, women are not paid to handle waste, while men only do so when they are to be paid. Due to their lower mobility and access to public spaces, some women, who cannot leave their

 

homes for cultural or religious reasons, will find it difficult to deliver waste to a neighborhood collection point. Related to this, is the position of women groups which are often involved in the operation of informal waste collection and recycling where men rather have competitive advantage.

The current solid waste management crisis faced in the country is an indication of failure of existing management systems. For improvement therefore, pursuing the management option of gender involvement in solid waste management is not only desirable, but necessary. Governments must provide an enabling environment to promote these practices in the management system. In orientating and directing policies, it is important to take into account the specific needs of women to ensure that they can have equitable and affordable access to facilities and services (UNDFW, 1998). All these are issues that need to be addressed when planning waste management systems.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

 In Sokoto metropolis, women are active players in solid waste management. This occurs at the home level and at public places, like schools, offices, market etc. Such activities are not only a means of livelihood, but they also ensure cleanness of public places in addition to helping reduce drastically the volume of wastes from the public system. Important as their activities have been, women‟s involvement in solid waste management has been poorly recognized by public policies and programmes of poverty reduction. That is, by failing to recognize them, the contribution women make to the economy and the way they enhance solid waste management practices appears to be considered in material. The lack of data to reinforce arguments for reversal of positions has often been sited as a major shortcoming.

This study makes contribution in this direction by examining the activities of women in solid waste management and the way this complements the formal solid waste management system in Sokoto. How women‟s solid waste management activities have improved the income base of participants is also covered by the study as a means of determining prospects for poverty alleviation.

Most of the previous studies conducted on solid waste management lack specific focus on women‟s activities in solid waste management. These include the study on social spaces and privatization of SWM (Adama, 2005); performance evaluation of community participation in solid waste management in Ibadan (Folurunsho, 2002), etc. It is in the light of this gap, that a gender based study of solid waste management practices is justified. The findings will yield practical, workable solution to address waste management problems within the Sokoto metropolis.

1.3 AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aims to examine the nature of women‟s participation in waste picking and how to incorporate them in solid waste management of sokoto metropolis as a basis for identifying problems and making relevant recommendations.

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