ABSTRACT
Bida Town is undergoing rapid expansion and lack adequate supply of potable water which has given room to the use of different water sources and sometimes results in outbreaks of water borne diseases. EPANET system analysis of Pipe Network was used to analyze the distribution network for both present and future demand after collation of the population data, pipe lengths and diameters, elevation and water demands. EPANET is a computer program based on Hardy cross method of water flow analysis that performs extended period simulation of hydraulic and water quality behavior within pressurized pipe networks. The study has shown that the present situation of Bida distribution network is inadequate in meeting the demand of the consumers, as the outcome of the simulation shows negative pressures in 5 of the nodes while 9 of the pipes has low velocity and 10 pipes recorded high headloss. Areas affected by these inadequacies are those along loops 6 and 7 which include G.R.A, Ramatu Dangana axis and along Bida Town Hall on Ahmadu Bello way. Corrective measures were, however, outlined based on the results. These include modification of diameter of some pipes, provision of thrust blocks and installation of washouts. Future design period of 30 years was also considered and analyzed. Both hydraulic and urban development measures should be used to address inadequacies in the distribution system under future scenario.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Preamble of the study
The provision of water to any community is very important. Among all the abundant natural resources water is the most prominent and essential gift. It is considered most important and inevitable to all earthly creatures due to the properties associated with it. As the world population is growing rapidly water resource of the world is becoming scarce and insufficient, as there is no corresponding increase in the resource.
We need water for domestic activities and plants need the right quantity of water at the right time. We also need water for navigation and hydroelectric power generation. The loss of 20% of body water can cause death. It is possible to survive for various weeks without food, but it is not possible to survive more than a few days without water. Water is life. Access to safe and affordable water is critical to the development of a nation (Jimoh, 2010). The provision of water has a lot of economic benefit to a community i.e. small scale industries like packaged/sachet water, block making industries e.t.c. are encouraged which also attracts population.
Water has special characteristic that is critical to social and economic activity. This has granted it a special status in past and in the modern era, in public policy. Traditionally, freshwater sources have been considered as something in which all members of the human community have rights (Saibu, 1997).
The ability of existing and proposed water supply system to operate satisfactorily under the wide range of possible future demand and hydrological condition is an important characteristic. The likely performance of water is often described by the mean variance of benefit, pollutant concentrations or some operating variables. These performance measures are used in the selection of water supply system capacities, configuration operating policies and target (Cairncross, 1981).
The Federal Government of Nigeria is concerned with the articulation of broad policy guidelines and co-ordination for nationwide water supply and sanitation. The present water supply to urban and rural areas is essentially the responsibility of the various state governments. Sometimes there are Federal Government interventions, especially in rural water supply as reflected by National Borehole Programme and others.
Water resources are limited and highly variable. Pressures from population and development are increasing. Land use and land cover changes have been significant. Current or proposed future water management schemes are large in relation to the water resources. Management of water resources, both in terms of quality and quantity therefore requires an understanding of the interaction between water, the environment and man. Without such an understanding, management of water resources will be piecemeal. In carrying out this, there is a need to monitor supply and demand of the resource, consider demographic factor and consider conjunctive use of surface and ground water resources. (Jimoh, 2010).
There are various factors which cause the use of water to vary. These factors are; pattern and standard of living, quality of water, cultural habits, whether the water is charged for, the cost and the purpose of use (Middle, 1978). Water use and consumption data are expressed in litres per capita per day (lpcd). A network of pipes is used to distribute water to a community. There are various ways in which this can be done e.g. a branching pattern with dead ends and a grid patterns with a large diameter pipe loop around an area with a high demand for water. Often a combination of the two is used in a city.
Water distribution networks serve many other purposes besides the provision of water for human consumption. Piped water is used for washing, sanitation, irrigation and fire fighting. Networks are designed to meet peak demands; in parts of the network this creates low-flow conditions that can contribute to the deterioration of microbial and chemical water quality. To maintain microbial quality, the network should be designed and operated to prevent entrance of contaminants, to maintain disinfectant residual concentrations within a locally predetermined range and to minimize the transit time (or age of the water after leaving the treatment works).
Depending upon the topography, the location of the source and other considerations, water can be transported to a community in a numbers of ways; viz canals, flumes, tunnels and pressure pipes, using gravity or pressurized systems as the topography allows.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Bida Town is undergoing rapid expansion and it lacks adequate supply of potable water which has given room to the use of different water sources like water wells, shallow boreholes and even water from streams. This sometimes results in outbreaks of water borne diseases. According to 1991 Census, Bida had a population of 172,898 people while in 2006, the population was 185,553 (NPC, 2006) indicating a growth rate of 2.5%.
Some of the problems affecting supply in Bida town include; Pipe leakages, short supply of water treatment chemicals, ineffective means of communication, erratic power supply, bad habit of water use, inadequate provision of service reservoirs and breakdown of equipments. (ADB, 1997).
Bida water is supplied from Mana Water Works which has a designed capacity of 27,000 m3/day commissioned in the year 1986 for 150,000 population equivalent. This project was executed by Biwater Company of United Kingdom. The total design capacity of the plants is inadequate compared to the required amount of 62,035 m3/day (for a population of 185,553) leaving a deficit of 35,035 m3/day. There is also inability of water works to run all the duty pumps for optimal production, comparatively affecting output. In general, the facilities have been overstretched. More areas are expanded and the distribution system has not been extended to these areas.
1.3 Aim and Objectives
The study is aimed at analyzing the distribution network of Bida Water Supply Scheme and the objectives are to:-
i) appraise the existing distribution network.
ii) analyse the present water distribution network using Epanet software and compare with the optimum case
iii) analyse the system under future scenario
1.4 Significance of study
Provision of water is perhaps the important among all the municipal services, people depends on water for drinking, washing, cooking and other domestic needs. Water supply and distribution must therefore meet the requirements for public, commercial and industrial activities both in quality and quantity.
This project is worth embarking upon for the following reasons:
i) It will enhance the update of comprehensive master plan for supply, transmission, and distribution facilities to accommodate growth of the city.
ii) It will provide for replacement of water supply infrastructure to maintain current capacity as it becomes obsolete.
1.5 Scope of the Research
The scope of the study includes analysis of all the reservoirs and storage tanks, pump/booster stations, and the pipes (primary and secondary lines).
1.6 Limitations
Epanet software used for this analysis performs a demand driven hydraulic simulation; which assumed that water demand is always satisfied for the customer by assuming that all pipes are full at all times. This assumption is correct only for the network with relatively high pressures. Actual discharge of water at individual node depends on pressure at that node. The software is therefore a pressure driven methodology type which consists of solving modified hydraulic equilibrium equations where water discharges are among other unknowns. (Guidolin, M., Burovsky, Z., Kapelan, Z., and Savic, D.A., 2010).
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