ABSTRACT
Device-to-Device (D2D) communication is one of the enabled technologies in Fifth Generation of cellular networks that allows two devices in close range to communicate without traversing the Base Station (BS). Device-to-Device Communication comes with numerous benefits which include data traffic offloading, location awareness service, social networking  and  smart  city.  However,  this  D2D Communication  Network  comes  with several challenges such as Interference Management which causes great impairment to communication.  Therefore,  to  improve  the  D2D Communication  performances and maximize its potentials, interference must be reduced to reduce this issue of interference, several researchers’ proposed different approaches to mitigate it and soft frequency reuse (SFR) through fair bandwidth allocation has been greatly explored. SFR scheme, the users in the cellular network are divided into two; the Center Users and Edge Users. In this research work, three different algorithms for bandwidth allocation namely; separate bandwidth allocation; overlapping bandwidth allocation and hybrid bandwidth allocation were developed for three categories of users in order to mitigate the interference between the Cellular Network and Device-to-Device Communication Network. The bandwidth allocation is done in fairness among the center users, edge users and the Device-to-Device users based on Users demand in each network in order to reduce interference. The users in the network are randomly selected. The proposed algorithms were evaluated by simulation using MATLAB in terms of Signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR) and system capacity. The results of this research work are presented by comparing the performance for different number of D2D users in the network. Hence, evaluation of how the size of D2D networks can affect the cellular network performance was done as the first unique contribution. For the two proposed algorithms (Separate bandwidth allocation and Overlapping bandwidth allocation), comparison was made with fixed bandwidth allocation. When the number of D2D users is within 10% , the Hybrid bandwidth allocation and Separate bandwidth allocation for three cases (the high, average and low edge users) outperforms others for D2D Users SINR with the improvement up to 34% but when the number D2D users increases to over 30% in the network the performance reduces to 27%. Therefore, as the number of D2D user increases in the network, the performance of the system reduces. For future research, the algorithm can be improved upon to accommodate more D2D users
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Advancement in mobile communication services has brought a tremendous expansion of request for higher information rate and Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning which will continue as long as there is a continuous advancement in cellular technology. Notwithstanding, the need to further develop mobile network infrastructure is a long way from fulfilling the expanding interest for communication services (Melki, 2017, Militano et al., 2015 and Jameel et al., 2018). In order to meet up with this advancement and high demand, the evolution of Fifth Generation (5G) of cellular network came with a broad advantages and flexibilities. This aimed at developing high capacity networks with very high data rate and low latency to meet the demands of future applications and services .(Olaobaju and Mohammed, 2018, Gupta and Jha, 2015 and Adnan and Zuriati , 2020). This generation of wireless network will convey new degrees of execution and proficiency that will engage new user encounter and bring together new industries. It has  remarkable benefits  over the previous  ones  which  include;  a superfast  mobile internet  (100 times  faster than  Fourth  Generation  (4G)),  Low  latency to  settle  the interest of future performances in terms of applications and services. Device-to-Device (D2D) communication is one of the empowered technologies in 5G which is relied upon to deal with a vital function in 5G networks (Jameel et al., 2018). D2D communication permits two devices in closeness to convey information between them without passing through the base station as represented in Figure 1.1. The utilization of D2D communication did not acquire a lot of significance in the past generation of cellular network, however, it’s an imperative piece of 5G (Gandotra and Jha, 2016).
Figure 1.1: Cellular and D2D Network
D2D communication network is a mobile heterogeneous Network that has been utilized as of late to improve closeness services and information traffic offloading. It is a promising solution that helps to improve spectrum utilization (Jameel et al., 2018).
More so, D2D can be applied in so many ways in 5G Networks include; Energy harvesting, Vehicular ad-hoc networks, Massive MIMO, IoT, hyper-dense networks and Leveraging other network. However, D2D communication offers different challenges such as Device recovery, security, power control, mobility, interference, privacy and economic (Militano et al., 2015) .
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
To maximize the full potentials that D2D communication has to offer, interference management which remain one of the critical one among several challenges of D2D communication needs to be studied and carefully regulated (Li, 2019, Hassan et al., 2018 and Safdar et al., 2016). Several researchers have proposed different approaches to mitigate this issues (Asaka et al., 2021, Adejo et al., 2020 and Adejo, 2018). Frequency reuse  has  been  widely explored  as  a  technique  to  mitigate  interference  in  cellular network (Onu, 2018).
This research developed an algorithm for bandwidth allocation based on a modified Soft Frequency Reuse (SFR) scheme adopting user distribution analysis to mitigate interference in D2D communication network by adequately allocating bandwidth to different categories of users in the network and the system performance will be evaluated by simulation using MATLAB Software in terms of SINR
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study
The aim of this research work is to develop an algorithm that will mitigate interference in D2D communication Network. This aim will be achieved through the following objectives.
1. To identify an existing network model and develop algorithms that will allocate bandwidth to users.
2. To simulate the algorithm developed using MATLAB Software
3. To evaluate the performance of the system using the SINR
1.4 Scope of the Study
The problem of interference of D2D communication in 5G cellular network is addressed in this research work. This research work focuses on reusing the cellular resources by allocating bandwidth to the users in the network utilizing the SFR strategies. The users within the interfering base station is separated into two, the center and edge users. The D2D users utilize the resources apportioned to the center users and it is randomly deployed. Therefore, this research work helps to reduce interference in D2D communication network.
1.5 Justification for the Study
Among all the challenges of D2D communication network, interference management remains one of the critical one. Interference causes impairment to communication which in returns gives a poor signal or feedback.
This challenge of communication needs to be attended to and the reduction in communication will greatly help in the improvement of system performance and give better feedback which is the important aspect of communication.
Therefore, proper bandwidth allocation using soft frequency reuse scheme is an important techniques that help in the mitigation of this issue of interference in cellular network (Adejo et al., 2018). Furthermore, to maximize the benefits of D2D communication networks there are need for proper bandwidth allocation among users in the network. Therefore, User distribution analysis through fair bandwidth allocation will greatly help to mitigate this issue of interference which in returns improve system performances and efficiency which is a justifiable area of interest.
This material content is developed to serve as a GUIDE for students to conduct academic research
AN INTERFERENCE MITIGATION TECHNIQUE FOR DEVICE-TO-DEVICE COMMUNICATION NETWORKS BASED ON USER DISTRIBUTION
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