A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF THE IMPACT OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE ON FEDERALLY COLLECTED TAXES IN NIGERIA

Abstract

This study measures the contributions of e-commerce activities to the national tax revenues in Nigeria, against the background of some country-specific problems. Using a data set spanning between 2008 and 2011 we develop a model that measures the statistical significance of indirect taxes sourced from four proxies of e-commerce: Automatic Teller Machines (ATM); Point-of-Sale (POS); On-line Purchasing (Internet Purchasing); and, Mobile Phone Payment (GSM). We find that e-commerce transactions have a very low overall contribution to the national tax revenue. We also find that while tax revenue contributions from ATM and POS are relatively significant, those from Internet Purchasing and GSM are insignificant. We recommend Public-Private-Partnerships between government and firms in developing the infrastructures required for improving the current level and depth of Internet and telephony usage. Consumer education is also recommended for improving awareness of the benefits of e-commerce transactions. Further research into the behavioural and infrastructural causes of the current low level of tax remittance from e-commerce transactions by sellers is recommended.

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgment

Abstract

Table of content

CHAPETR ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION 

1.1        Background of the study

1.2        Statement of problem

1.3        Objective of the study

1.4        Research Hypotheses

1.5        Significance of the study

1.6        Scope and limitation of the study

1.7       Definition of terms

1.8       Organization of the study

CHAPETR TWO

2.0   LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPETR THREE

3.0        Research methodology

3.1    sources of data collection

3.3        Population of the study

3.4        Sampling and sampling distribution

3.5        Validation of research instrument

3.6        Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 Introductions

4.2 Data analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Summary

5.3 Conclusion

5.4 Recommendation

Appendix

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the study

Over the years Nigeria has rely on the collection of tax as a major source of revenue for the government.  In some selected areas of Nigeria for instance Benue state during the time of crises experienced from election; most of the taxes collected in Benue state were taken to Enugu state.

It happens like this some part of Nigeria. Now what is tax?

Well tax is certain amount of money realized or successfully collected from an individual or company by the federal government of Nigeria to develop the economy of Nigeria. Nigeria is richly blessed with oil and gas among other mineral resources, but the over dependence on oil revenue for the economic development of the country has left much to be deserved. According to Ariyo (1997) Nigeria’s over dependence on oil revenue to the total neglect of other revenue source was encouraged by the oil boom of 1973/74. This is unsustainable due to the fluctuation in the oil market which have in most cases plunged the nation into deficit budgets. It was the view of Popoola (2009) that Nigerian tax administration and practice be structured towards economic goal achievement since government budget for the year centres on the oil sector. While decrying the low productivity of the Nigerian tax system, “deficiencies in the tax administration and collection system, complex legislations and apathy on the part of those outside the tax net” were identified as some of the root causes says Ijewere 1991 and Ndekwu 1991 as cited in (Ariyo 1997). Those working in the informal sector of Nigerian economy do not see the need to pay tax whereas they dominate the economy. To them only, civil servants should pay tax on their earnings and this amount to over flogging the willing horse. Besides, the activities of the strong union in the formal sector do not even pave way for a successful tax policy implementation in the formal sector (Ayodele 2006). Even revenue collection officers seem to be lenient or even connive with those in the informal sector during enforcement of tax policies. All this leads to revenue loss. In other to reawaken the consciousness of Nigerian government and citizens on the effective use of taxation as a developmental tool, and examine the effect the tax system have so far on the economy; this research work becomes very relevant. There is no doubt that taxation must have affected the economic development of Nigeria. Effort shall therefore be made in this research to see how much Nigeria have been able to achieve her economic goals with her tax policies and administration. The administrative role of the Federal, state and local government shall as well be examined in other to identify the causes of tax evasion and avoidance.

One can pay tax in different ways; according to (Kasipillai 2003, Mahdzan, 2005).  He stated that tax can be collected from a Gains or profits from a business for whatever period of time carried on. It can also be collected from a gains or profit employment, dividends, interest or discounts. He then went on to state that tax can also be collected through rent, royalties or premiums.

Hadacolarl (2008) stated that one of major challenges of tax in Nigeria is the administration of tax. He went further to state that the institution that is to administer taxes effectively is really lacking behind in Nigeria. And the procedure to recover the tax money by the audits department appears to lagging behind.

Hadacolarl also believes that one of the major challenges to tax administration in Nigeria is the multiplicity of the taxation process.

The audit department is not the only one failing on their responsibility to monitor the growth of tax in Nigeria; look at the federal Inland Revenue service for some time now has also failed in most of their goals in government core areas of tax systems and administration on revenue generation. Most of these are as a result of the success of tax evasion and avoidance among income tax payers mostly in some state like Enugu, Anambra and Ebonyi state in the south east area of Nigeria. This reveals the accounts for a consistent drop in the volume of collection (Eze, 2010) on the same vein, according to Okauru (2010) in her address on FIRS core mandate of Tax revenue collection, identified counterfeiting company income tax clearance certificates, misuse of FIRS documents, embezzlement of funds through incomplete cheques belonging to FIRS as the major factors that contribute to poor revenue generation in Nigeria and however, supported the legal department of the FIRS reinforced prosecution machinery with high profile prosecution cases across the country. This according to her will serve as a deterrent to recalcitrant tax offenders (FRS 2010).

Binang,, (2010) in support of Okauru added that banks should confirm all requests for opening new FIRS accounts from headquarters as a way of discouraging fraudulent accounts used in siphoning government tax funds. This is to ensure minimization of the potential effects of inadequate tax systems in Nigeria.

Kiabel and Nwokah (2009) show that the prevalence of tax evasion and avoidance especially among income tax payers in Enugu, Anambra and Ebonyi States of South East Nigeria made government of these states engage the services of tax consultants in order to generate much needed revenue. This notwithstanding, the problems of bad administration of taxes leading to lack of transparency in the management of taxpayers’ money and problems of poor tax reliefs and allowances that later lead to tax evasion and avoidance still persist. (Kiabel and Nwikpasi 2010). Current experience indicates that all is not well with the Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS). Okauru (2011) affirms as follows for the Federal Inland Revenue Service.

Electronic commerce may be referred to as the use of communications technology such as the Internet to purchase, sell and market goods and render services to customers or end-users. The internet has really brought some many changes in the economy of Nigeria in the aspect of tax. According to (Mary – Anne, 1998) she stated that E- commerce offers a level playing ground for large businesses, as well as small and medium- scale enterprises (SMEs) to operate in the global market-place; and for regional businesses and communities to participate in social, economic and cultural networks seamlessly across international boundaries.

Most of the large businesses in Nigeria pay taxes and these taxes are in respect to the size of income the company make and the number of employees in that company.

Not quiet long the Nigeria National Tax Policy (NTP) set out a goal to eliminate bottlenecks and leakages in Nigeria’s tax system. These force the tax authorities both at the state level and federal and local level to identify all areas where there are leakages in Nigeria tax system and to minimize and nullify these lapses. Some of these leakages may include the assessment, collection and utilization. The use of some of these internet aided devices such as point of sales (POS) device, internet banking and mobile banking and others are the routine experience not the ascending mobile Nigeria but also the rural- urban migrant.

There are some of these business and companies that does virtually all their business online uses the internet devices to make payment and the tax will not be accounted for and these have strong effect of the Tax department in Nigeria.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The research work on the examination of the impact of electronic commerce on federally collected taxes in Nigeria has some critical issues to look at for the purpose of this research work such as the limitation in the collection of tax because of the use of point of sales (POS).

Some companies work from home and do all their business through the internet. Organizations like these might not be paying tax.

Electronic commerce has really made transaction very easy but it still has its draw backs. How can the federal government of Nigeria tax sector realize their tax from such organizations? This became a problem to solve. Many researchers has tried to investigate a better way of solving this problem and the most interesting aspect of the electronic commerce is that it transacts more business in large amount of money than the offline businesses in Nigeria. Take Jumia, and other e-commerce site in Nigeria. The number of staff of that company could be relatively small but the business the company is undertaking is very high since the internet made it easy.

1.3 RESEACH QUESTIONS

1. What are best ways of collecting tax from big businesses in Nigeria and why has the federal government of Nigeria not adopting the method?
2. Does the collection of tax have any effect on the gross domestic product of Nigeria?
3. How effective is the collection of tax in Nigeria?
4. What are the roles of auditor in tax collection in Nigeria?
5. In what ways can the federal government of Nigeria impose tax on the e-commerce sites in Nigeria?
6. Is the federal government of Nigeria imposing much tax on the SMEs in Nigeria?
7. What role do the FIRS play in the collection of taxes in Nigeria?

1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

H0: there is no significant effect of tax on GDP of Nigeria.

H1: there is significant effect of tax on the GDP of Nigeria.

H0: there is no significant relationship between the e-commerce and tax collection in Nigeria.

H1: there is significant relationship between the e-commerce and tax collection in Nigeria.

1.5 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

1. To investigate the roles and the impact of the FIRS in the collection of tax in Nigeria.
2. To examine the impact of the SMEs on the gross domestic products of Nigeria.
3. To examine the effectiveness in the collection of tax in Nigeria.
4. To determine the easiest way and the best way of collecting tax in most of the e-commerce company.
5. To determine the effect of tax collected on the GDP of Nigeria.

 

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

By the end of this research work we shall be able to determine the effect of tax collected on the gross domestic product of Nigeria. The study will also show the relationship between the tax collected and the electronic commerce in Nigeria. It will also recommend the best way to handle the effect of tax on the small and medium scale industries in Nigeria.

1.7 SCOPE OF STUDY

The study will make use of questionnaire as primary source of data using either interrogation method or through distribution of the questionnaire for the respondents to fill. And the secondary data will be gotten from the CBN statistical bulletin and other related articles such as journals and wiki books.

1.8 LIMITATION OF STUDY

FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS: due to the lack of adequate finance the researcher was unable to cover most of the area like buying enough materials online and travelling to visit some of the tax offices so as to get more information.

TIME CONSTRAINTS: because the writer’s involvement in other research activities, he/ she could not really have enough time to do more research on the topic but was able to get a meaning points together about the topic.

1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS

 TAX: This is the small amount deducted from someone’s salary after a period of time.

 E-commerce: this called electronic commerce which is the buying and selling through the use of internet

1.10 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows. Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (background of the study), statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions, research hypotheses, significance of the study, scope of the study etc. Chapter two being the review of the related literature presents the theoretical framework, conceptual framework and other areas concerning the subject matter.     Chapter three is a research methodology covers deals on the research design and methods adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding.  Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study.

 

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